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Microbiology > Exam 1 Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Quiz 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

when you think sugar think

A

glycan sheets

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2
Q

when you think amino acid think

A

peptide chain

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3
Q

teichoic acid

A

aid in stability, are negatively charged

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4
Q

Gram - bacteria

A

-outer membrane
-think cell wall (1-3 glycan sheets)
-inner and outer leaflet

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5
Q

inner leaflet of gram -

A

-Brauns lipoprotein
-phospholipids

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6
Q

Braun’s Lipoprotein

A

-most abundant protein in inner leaf.
-tethers the outer membrane into the cell wall

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7
Q

outer leaflet of gram -

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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8
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

-part of the outer leaf
-3 components: 1 lipid, 2 polysaccharides
-negative outer charge

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9
Q

lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide

A

-not a typical glycerol lipid
-use disaccharide of glucosamine phosphate where fatty acid extends
-termed Enodoxtin or Lipid A

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10
Q

Endotoxin/Lipid A

A

our bodies dont know what do with it

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11
Q

2 polysaccharide portion of lipopolysaccharides

A

-core polysaccharide
-O polysaccharide/ O antigen/ O side chain

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12
Q

Core polysaccharide is made of

A

-ketodeoxyoctanate (KDO) prime anchor
-10 more sugars

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13
Q

O polysaccharide

A

-4-5 branched sugars that are repeated a lot
-used for protection to deter large proteins
-can change the sugars that are used in their side chains
-contain porins
-permeability barrier

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14
Q

how does O polysaccharide changing sugars effect our immune system

A

our immune system responds to the initial detection of sugars, not what they change to so our immune system cant fight them

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15
Q

Porin

A

-trimetric structure composed of 3 protein subunits
-EACH subunit has a pore
-additional pore in the center where they all meet
-attachment

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16
Q

What is gram staining completed on?

A

on a microscope slide

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17
Q

Step 1 on gram staining

A

-crystal violet (primary stain)
- about 1 min
-gram + peptidoglycan stain purple
-gram - outer membrane and peptidoglycan stain purple

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18
Q

What do you do between each step of the staining process?

A

Wash for ~10 sec and watch the runoff

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19
Q

Step 2 of gram staining

A

-Gram’s iodine
-moderate/fixative staining
-about 1 min
-gram + and gram - become complexed and remain purple

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20
Q

Step 3 of gram staining

A

-Alcohol (decolorizer)
-typically ~95% ethanol
-about 5 sec. with really good coverage
-Gram +, peptidoglycan becomes slightly dehydrated locking in the primary purple stain
-Gram -, pokes holes on the outer membrane causing primary purple stain to flow out of the outer membrane and peptidoglycan, becomes colorless

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21
Q

Step 4 of gram staining

A

-Safranin (red dye)
- Counter stain/secondary stain
-about 2 min
-Gram + remains purple
-Gram - peptidoglycan wall stains pink

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22
Q

Mycobacterium

A

-thin peptidoglycan
-arabinogalactan
-mycomembrane

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23
Q

Thin peptidoglycan layer in mycobacterium

A

has a higher degree of crosslinking

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24
Q

Arabinogalactan

A

-polysaccharide layer
-connects to peptidoglycan via NAM

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25
Q

Mycomembrane

A

2 components: inner and outer leaflet
-outer: mycolic acid
-inner: phenolic glycolipids

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26
Q

mycolic acid

A

-inner layer of mycomembrane
-2 long hydrocarbons
-first around 20 HC long
-second around 60-90 HC long

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27
Q

phenolic glycolipids

A

-outer layer of mycomembrane

28
Q

What does the mycolic acid and phenolic glycolipids form?

A

an extremely hydrophobic environment

29
Q

What stain would be used to identify a mycobacterium?

A

acid-fast stain

30
Q

example of a mycobacterium

A

tuberculosis

31
Q

Mycoplasma

A

-no cell wall
-sterols in cell membrane to add rigidity
-lives inside other cells
-very small

32
Q

Archaeal cell walls

A

-made of pseudopeptidoglycan
-thick polysaccharide
-S-layers

33
Q

psuedopeptidoglycan

A

-glycan chains with peptide crosslinking polypeptides
-Utilize NAG and NAT

34
Q

NAT

A

N-acetyltelosaminuronic acid

35
Q

What links NAG and NAT together?

A

β 1,3 glycosidic linkages

36
Q

archaea peptide crosslinks

A

-vary amino acids used
-only see L forms (NO D)

37
Q

why is the D form not seen in Archaea cell wall

A

They do not need to worry about eukaryotes being able to break them down, they are extremophiles

38
Q

thick polysaccharides in Archaea

A

these cell wall use big, bulky sugars

39
Q

S-layers

A

-main thing seen in archaeal cell wall
-interlocking protein or glycoproteins
-form a rigid paracrystalline structure that has symmetry
-bacteria can have them but not on the top layer

40
Q

types of symmetry in the S layers

A

-hexagonal
-tetragonal
-trimeric

41
Q

Slime layer

A

-diffuse, unorganized setting of protein that can easily be removed
-loosely organized
-environmental mostly

42
Q

capsules

A

-rigid, well organized layers tight around cell
-usually seen in pathogenic organisms but everything that makes it pathogenic is hidden
-medically relevant
-prevent dessication
-help in attachment

43
Q

India Ink

A

a type of staining that is used in order to see capsules

44
Q

Fimbrae

A

-short, fine, bristlelike appendages that span the perimeter of the bacteria
-thousands of them
-attachment mediators
-help bacteria discover niche

45
Q

Pili

A

-elongated, rigid tubular structures
-around 2-10 of them per bacteria
-form when organisms are close together
-send DNA messages between bacterial cells
-exchange DNA

46
Q

Flagella/Flagellum

A

-rigid, helical structures that are very long and hard to see
-primary function is motility

47
Q

Monotrichous

A

polar, one flagellum from one pole

48
Q

Lophotrichous

A

polar, tuft of flagella from one end (pole) of bacteria

49
Q

Amphitrichous

A

polar, tufts of flagella from both ends of the bacteria

50
Q

Peritrichous

A

non-polar, flagella going around whole perimeter of bacteria

51
Q

Flagellar structure

A

3 main components:
-Filament
-Hook
-Basal body

52
Q

Filament

A

-helical structure made up of one protein repeated (flagellin (hollow))
-about 20,000 flagellin proteins + cap

53
Q

Cap

A

-five proteins at the end of the filament that are not made of flagellin
-play a role in attachment

54
Q

Hook

A

connection piece between filament and basal body

55
Q

Basal body

A

-“motor” of flagellum
-a central rod with rings going around it

56
Q

Rings in gram - basal body

A

-L ring (outer mem)
-P ring (peptidoglycan)
-MS ring
-C ring

57
Q

Rings in gram +

A

-MS ring
-C ring

58
Q

Flagellar assembly

A

all flagellin molecules go up and meet the CAP protein and the CAP places them

59
Q

Flagellar movement

A

-use proton motive force
-movement generated by protons flowing through Mot proteins
-cost cell a lot

60
Q

Mot proteins

A

exert electrostatic forces on the MS and C rings which contain a helical arrangement of + and - charges

61
Q

chemoreceptors

A

Regulate that the flagella is moving in the right direction vis Fli proteins

62
Q

Fli proteins

A

associated with MS and C proteins
send a signal

63
Q

what happens when peritrichous flagella is told to stop

A

they stop ccw rotation and begin to tumble in cw direction as their flagella become pushed apart

64
Q

reversible flagella

A

-polar
-can have ccw and cw rotation
-no tumbling

65
Q

unidirectional flagella

A

-polar
-only rotates in cw direction
-when told to stop it has to completely reoriente

66
Q

Chemotaxis

A

movement toward chemical attractants and away from repellents

67
Q

Archaella/Archaellum

A

-how archaea move
-thinner
-not flagellin, use 7-12 different proteins
-not hollow
-use ATP hydrolysis
-basal body structure is simpler using 12 genes of proteins
-move slower

Microbiology (20 decks)

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