Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Exam 1 Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

when you think sugar think

A

glycan sheets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when you think amino acid think

A

peptide chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

teichoic acid

A

aid in stability, are negatively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gram - bacteria

A

-outer membrane
-think cell wall (1-3 glycan sheets)
-inner and outer leaflet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

inner leaflet of gram -

A

-Brauns lipoprotein
-phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Braun’s Lipoprotein

A

-most abundant protein in inner leaf.
-tethers the outer membrane into the cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

outer leaflet of gram -

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

-part of the outer leaf
-3 components: 1 lipid, 2 polysaccharides
-negative outer charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide

A

-not a typical glycerol lipid
-use disaccharide of glucosamine phosphate where fatty acid extends
-termed Enodoxtin or Lipid A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Endotoxin/Lipid A

A

our bodies dont know what do with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 polysaccharide portion of lipopolysaccharides

A

-core polysaccharide
-O polysaccharide/ O antigen/ O side chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Core polysaccharide is made of

A

-ketodeoxyoctanate (KDO) prime anchor
-10 more sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

O polysaccharide

A

-4-5 branched sugars that are repeated a lot
-used for protection to deter large proteins
-can change the sugars that are used in their side chains
-contain porins
-permeability barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does O polysaccharide changing sugars effect our immune system

A

our immune system responds to the initial detection of sugars, not what they change to so our immune system cant fight them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Porin

A

-trimetric structure composed of 3 protein subunits
-EACH subunit has a pore
-additional pore in the center where they all meet
-attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is gram staining completed on?

A

on a microscope slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Step 1 on gram staining

A

-crystal violet (primary stain)
- about 1 min
-gram + peptidoglycan stain purple
-gram - outer membrane and peptidoglycan stain purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do you do between each step of the staining process?

A

Wash for ~10 sec and watch the runoff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Step 2 of gram staining

A

-Gram’s iodine
-moderate/fixative staining
-about 1 min
-gram + and gram - become complexed and remain purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Step 3 of gram staining

A

-Alcohol (decolorizer)
-typically ~95% ethanol
-about 5 sec. with really good coverage
-Gram +, peptidoglycan becomes slightly dehydrated locking in the primary purple stain
-Gram -, pokes holes on the outer membrane causing primary purple stain to flow out of the outer membrane and peptidoglycan, becomes colorless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Step 4 of gram staining

A

-Safranin (red dye)
- Counter stain/secondary stain
-about 2 min
-Gram + remains purple
-Gram - peptidoglycan wall stains pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mycobacterium

A

-thin peptidoglycan
-arabinogalactan
-mycomembrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Thin peptidoglycan layer in mycobacterium

A

has a higher degree of crosslinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Arabinogalactan

A

-polysaccharide layer
-connects to peptidoglycan via NAM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Mycomembrane
2 components: inner and outer leaflet -outer: mycolic acid -inner: phenolic glycolipids
26
mycolic acid
-inner layer of mycomembrane -2 long hydrocarbons -first around 20 HC long -second around 60-90 HC long
27
phenolic glycolipids
-outer layer of mycomembrane
28
What does the mycolic acid and phenolic glycolipids form?
an extremely hydrophobic environment
29
What stain would be used to identify a mycobacterium?
acid-fast stain
30
example of a mycobacterium
tuberculosis
31
Mycoplasma
-no cell wall -sterols in cell membrane to add rigidity -lives inside other cells -very small
32
Archaeal cell walls
-made of pseudopeptidoglycan -thick polysaccharide -S-layers
33
psuedopeptidoglycan
-glycan chains with peptide crosslinking polypeptides -Utilize NAG and NAT
34
NAT
N-acetyltelosaminuronic acid
35
What links NAG and NAT together?
β 1,3 glycosidic linkages
36
archaea peptide crosslinks
-vary amino acids used -only see L forms (NO D)
37
why is the D form not seen in Archaea cell wall
They do not need to worry about eukaryotes being able to break them down, they are extremophiles
38
thick polysaccharides in Archaea
these cell wall use big, bulky sugars
39
S-layers
-main thing seen in archaeal cell wall -interlocking protein or glycoproteins -form a rigid paracrystalline structure that has symmetry -bacteria can have them but not on the top layer
40
types of symmetry in the S layers
-hexagonal -tetragonal -trimeric
41
Slime layer
-diffuse, unorganized setting of protein that can easily be removed -loosely organized -environmental mostly
42
capsules
-rigid, well organized layers tight around cell -usually seen in pathogenic organisms but everything that makes it pathogenic is hidden -medically relevant -prevent dessication -help in attachment
43
India Ink
a type of staining that is used in order to see capsules
44
Fimbrae
-short, fine, bristlelike appendages that span the perimeter of the bacteria -thousands of them -attachment mediators -help bacteria discover niche
45
Pili
-elongated, rigid tubular structures -around 2-10 of them per bacteria -form when organisms are close together -send DNA messages between bacterial cells -exchange DNA
46
Flagella/Flagellum
-rigid, helical structures that are very long and hard to see -primary function is motility
47
Monotrichous
polar, one flagellum from one pole
48
Lophotrichous
polar, tuft of flagella from one end (pole) of bacteria
49
Amphitrichous
polar, tufts of flagella from both ends of the bacteria
50
Peritrichous
non-polar, flagella going around whole perimeter of bacteria
51
Flagellar structure
3 main components: -Filament -Hook -Basal body
52
Filament
-helical structure made up of one protein repeated (flagellin (hollow)) -about 20,000 flagellin proteins + cap
53
Cap
-five proteins at the end of the filament that are not made of flagellin -play a role in attachment
54
Hook
connection piece between filament and basal body
55
Basal body
-"motor" of flagellum -a central rod with rings going around it
56
Rings in gram - basal body
-L ring (outer mem) -P ring (peptidoglycan) -MS ring -C ring
57
Rings in gram +
-MS ring -C ring
58
Flagellar assembly
all flagellin molecules go up and meet the CAP protein and the CAP places them
59
Flagellar movement
-use proton motive force -movement generated by protons flowing through Mot proteins -cost cell a lot
60
Mot proteins
exert electrostatic forces on the MS and C rings which contain a helical arrangement of + and - charges
61
chemoreceptors
Regulate that the flagella is moving in the right direction vis Fli proteins
62
Fli proteins
associated with MS and C proteins send a signal
63
what happens when peritrichous flagella is told to stop
they stop ccw rotation and begin to tumble in cw direction as their flagella become pushed apart
64
reversible flagella
-polar -can have ccw and cw rotation -no tumbling
65
unidirectional flagella
-polar -only rotates in cw direction -when told to stop it has to completely reoriente
66
Chemotaxis
movement toward chemical attractants and away from repellents
67
Archaella/Archaellum
-how archaea move -thinner -not flagellin, use 7-12 different proteins -not hollow -use ATP hydrolysis -basal body structure is simpler using 12 genes of proteins -move slower

Microbiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions