Female Reproduction Flashcards
Mastery
Ovaries are Held in place by
………
Functions of the Ovaries
… development
… at birth
Mature … per month (puberty to menopause)
* (~… per lifetime)
… production
by two cells
- LH stimulates Theca cells to make …
- FSH triggers granulosa cells to convert …
Ovaries are Held in place by
Broad ligament - Suspensory ligament - Ovarian ligament - mesenteries
Functions of the Ovaries
Follicle development
700,000 at birth
Mature 1-2 per month (puberty to menopause)
* (~400 per lifetime)
Estrogen / progesterone production
Follicular cells
Corpus luteum
- LH stimulates Theca cells to make androgens(precursor to estrogen or test)
- FSH triggers granulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogen
Oogenesis
Identical steps of chromosome replication and
division during gamete production in both sexes
what over what
Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
time?
number and amount?
each primary yields?
Oogenesis
Identical steps of chromosome replication and
division during gamete production in both sexes
Quality vs Quantity
Follicle Development
Primary oocyte
Surrounded by…
Oocyte + … → …….
…….
Several … start to develop – one becomes the…
Follicle matures in …
… follicle
At ovulation
Pushes out of …
Follicle Development
Primary oocyte
Surrounded by single layer of granulosa cells
Oocyte + granulosa cells → primary follicle
Primary follicle
Several primordial follicles start to develop – one becomes the primary follicle
Follicle matures in ovary
Secondary follicle
At ovulation
Pushes out of ovary wall
Ovarian Tubes
~… cm long
Site of …
…. draw ovum into Fallopian (ovarian) tubes
… and smooth muscle help move the ovum toward the uterus
Uterus
… wall
type of surface…
Site of …
… layer (constantly dividing)
Functional … (shed each month)
Cervix
* “…” of uterus
* Dilates to … cm and effaces in labour
Vagina
Birth Canal
Site of …
… secretion
Protective
… aids ….
Ovarian Tubes
~10 cm long
Site of fertilization
Fimbrae draw ovum into Fallopian (ovarian) tubes
Cilia and smooth muscle help move the ovum toward the uterus
Uterus
Muscular wall
Endometrium
Site of implantation
Basal layer (constantly dividing)
Functional layer (shed each month)
Cervix
* “neck” of uterus
* Dilates to 10 cm and
effaces in labour
Vagina
Birth Canal
Site of sperm deposition
Mucous and acid secretion
Protective
Mucous aids sperm survival
Billing’s Method
Study showed that 32% of couples who were sub- fertile achieved pregnancy with Billing’s
day 1-7 are menses
day 7- 11 mucous is thick, white in colour. non fertle
day 11-15 mucous is thin, clear, runny, high volume
day 16-28 mucous is dry and yellow
WHICH ARE FERTILE
Billing’s Method - mucous is an indicator of when you are fertile
Study showed that 32% of couples who were sub- fertile achieved pregnancy with Billing’s
DAY 11-15 ARE FERTILE
TEST
Menstrual Cycles
Ovarian Cycle
- Prepares …
Uterine Cycle
- Prepares …
… controlled
Ovarian Cycle
… days - Two phases
…. phase (day …)
maturing follicles (higher …)
* Secrete ….
…. – day …
Due to spike in …
… phase (day ….)
…. (remaining follicular cells)
* Secretes estrogen and progesterone
Menstrual Cycles
Ovarian Cycle, in ovaries
- Prepares ova
Uterine Cycle, in uterus
- Prepares endometrium
Hormone controlled. hypothalamus
Ovarian Cycle
28 days - Two phases
F.O.L
Follicular phase (day 1-14)
maturing follicles (higher FSH)
* Secrete estrogen
Ovulation – day 14
Due to spike in FSH and LH
Luteal phase (day 14-28)
Corpus luteum (remaining follicular cells)
* Secretes estrogen and progesterone
TEST
Uterine or Menstrual Cycle
Averages 28 days - three phases
…. phase (day 1-7)
- … of functional layer
- Triggered by .
…. phase (day 7-14)
- … estrogen
- … uterine wall
… or … phase
- …. estrogen and progesterone
- …. in readiness for implantation
Uterine or Menstrual Cycle
Averages 28 days - three phases
MPS
Menstrual phase (day 1-7)
- Shedding of functional layer
- Triggered by drop in estrogen and progesterone
Proliferative phase (day 7-14)
- Higher estrogen
- Repairs uterine wall
Secretory or progestational phase
- High estrogen and progesterone
- Endometrium thickens in readiness for implantation
Corpus Luteum
If egg is not fertilized
- …. degenerates
- Estrogen and progesterone …
- ….
If egg is fertilized
- Secretes ….
- Causes corpus luteum to …
- Estrogen progesterone …
- Endometrium … (…)
Corpus Luteum
If egg is not fertilized
- Corpus luteum degenerates
- Estrogen and progesterone drop
- menses
If egg is fertilized
- Secretes HCG
- Causes corpus luteum to be maintained
- Estrogen progesterone stay high
- Endometrium kept (no menses)
Female Infertility
Abnormal production of …
* Or E / P – endometrium is not ready
… menstrual cycles
Endome…
Vagina too …
… disease
* Scarred, blocked oviducts
Mucous ….
* Sperm can’t penetrate
….
Blocked ….
Enhancing Fertility
… drugs
Artificial …
… fertilization (..F)
Fertilization in … of the body
* After several cell divisions, embryo is inserted into the uterus via the vagina
GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer)
- Unfertilized eggs and sperm placed in oviduct
ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer)
- Fertilized egg is placed in oviduct
Abnormal production of FSH and/or LH
* Or E / P – endometrium is not ready
Irregular menstrual cycles
Endometriosis
Vagina too acidic
Pelvic inflammatory disease
* Scarred, blocked oviducts
Mucous too thick
* Sperm can’t penetrate
Aging
Blocked tubules
Enhancing Fertility
Fertility-enhancing drugs
Artificial insemination
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Fertilization in test tube outside of the body
* After several cell divisions, embryo is inserted into
the uterus via the vagina
GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer)
- Unfertilized eggs and sperm placed in oviduct
ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer)
- Fertilized egg is placed in oviduct
Birth Control
The pill
- inhibits … ( by controlling E or P) – no ovulation
Spermacide – …
IUD
- Hormone … / copper – emiting
- … endometrium /… ovulation / … mucous
Barrier methods
(diaphragm, cervical cap, condom)
Morning after pill
high … and … – when they … – get …
Surgical sterilization
Vasectomy in males: ….
Tubal ligation in females: ….
Hysteroscopy in females: ….
The pill
inhibits LH and FSH ( by controlling E or P) – no
ovulation
Spermacide – acid
IUD
Hormone secretion / copper – emiting
Thins endometrium /Inhibits ovulation / thickens
mucous
Barrier methods
(diaphragm, cervical cap, condom)
Morning after pill
high E and P – when they drop – get menses
Birth Control Methods:
Surgical sterilization
Vasectomy in males: cut / tie off both ductus deferens
Tubal ligation in females: cut / tie off both oviducts
Hysteroscopy in females: cauterize / seal the oviducts
Menopause
Cessation of woman’s menstrual cycle
~ ages …
Triggered by … change
Preceded by period of progressive ovarian … (peri-menopause)
- Increasingly … cycles
- Dwindling … levels
* … flashes / Metabolism ….
* … gain / … loss
transition called …
Menopause
Cessation of woman’s menstrual cycle
~ ages 45 - 55
Triggered by hypothalamic change
Preceded by period of progressive ovarian
failure (peri-menopause)
Increasingly irregular cycles
Dwindling estrogen levels
* Hot flashes / Metabolism changes
* Weight gain / mucous loss
transition called climacteric
Female Reproductive Conditions
Menorrhagia (….)
Menstrual abnormalities:
Dysmenorrhea (….)
Metrorrhagia (…)
Amenorrhea (…)
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Symptoms mid-cycle to menses
High Estrogen and progesterone
* Headache
* Nausea
* Edema and bloating
* Weight gain
* Breast tenderness
* Sleep disturbances
* Irritability
* Mood swings
* Depression
Female Reproductive Conditions
Menstrual abnormalities:
Amenorrhea (no menses)
Dysmenorrhea (pain with menses)
Menorrhagia (heavy bleeding)
Metrorrhagia (irregular bleeding)
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Symptoms mid-cycle to menses
High Estrogen and progesterone
* Headache
* Nausea
* Edema and bloating
* Weight gain
* Breast tenderness
* Sleep disturbances
* Irritability
* Mood swings
* Depression
Female Reproductive Conditions
Endometriosis
- what is it?
* Fibroids, over-shedding
Common implantation sites:
*
* tubes
* wall
*
Endometriosis
Symptoms:
* Dysmenorrhea
* pelvic …
* Heavy …
* Dyspareunia (…)
Treatment:
* …
* Remission (pregnancy, nursing, and menopause)
* Panhysterectomy (…)
Female Reproductive Conditions
Endometriosis
Abnormal growth of endometrial tissue inside
and outside of uterus
* Fibroids, over-shedding
Common implantation sites:
* Ovaries
* Fallopian tubes
* Abdominal wall
* Intestines
Endometriosis
Symptoms:
* Dysmenorrhea
* pelvic cramping
* Heavy menses
* Dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
Treatment:
* Hormones
* Remission (pregnancy, nursing, and menopause)
* Panhysterectomy (take out uterus and ovaries)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) cervicitis, salpingitis (tubes), endometritis, and oophoritis
Cause – ….
Symptoms:
* Fever
* Chills
* Pelvic …
* Leukorrhea
⬧ … discharge
Ovarian cyst
benign fluid-filled sac (s)
Symptoms:
* Low back pain
* Pelvic pain
⬧ Extreme on rupture
* Dyspareunia
* Nausea and vomiting
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
… , … cause
Symptoms
Oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea
…
hirsutism
* hair
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) cervicitis, salpingitis (tubes), endometritis, and oophoritis
Cause – STD’s
Symptoms:
* Fever
* Chills
* Pelvic pain
* Leukorrhea
⬧ Thick, white discharge
Ovarian cyst
benign fluid-filled sac (s)
Symptoms:
* Low back pain
* Pelvic pain
⬧ Extreme on rupture
* Dyspareunia
* Nausea and vomiting
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Many cysts, hormonal cause
Symptoms
Oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea
Infertility
hirsutism
* hair
Fibroid tumours (uterine) aka leiomyomas
Symptoms:
* … bleeding
* Excessive …
* Pain
Treat
*
* uterine …
* … therapy
Fibroid tumours (uterine) aka leiomyomas
Symptoms:
* Abnormal uterine bleeding
* Excessive menses
* Pain
Treat
* Surgery
* uterine embolization
* Hormone therapy
