Reproduction Flashcards
Mastery
Vaginitis
what is it?
Symptoms:
* …
Candida
* ….
Trichomonas
* …
Atrophic
⬧ …
Uterine prolapse
….
Symptoms:
* …. in pelvis
* Urinary …
* Dysuria
* Low back …
Treatment:
* …
Vaginal Prolapse
Vagina …
* Often after …
Vaginitis
Inflammation of vagina
Symptoms:
* Burning / itching / swelling
Candida
* fungal, yeast
Trichomonas
* parasite
Atrophic
⬧ Post-menopausal
Uterine prolapse
Uterus protrudes into vagina
Symptoms:
* Heaviness in pelvis
* Urinary stress
* Dysuria
* Low back pain
Treatment:
* Hysterectomy
Vaginal Prolapse
Vagina everts
* Often after hysterectomy
Cystocele
what is it?
Symptoms:
* … pressure
* … urgency
* in…
Rectocele
what is it?
Symptoms:
* …
* …
* … incontinence
Treatment:
* …
Cystocele
Herniation of urinary bladder through anterior vaginal wall
Symptoms:
* Pelvic pressure
* Urinary urgency
* incontinence
Rectocele
Herniation of rectum through posterior vaginal wall
Symptoms:
* Discomfort
* Constipation
* Fecal incontinence
Treatment:
* Surgical repair
Syphilis
…, …, and then …
Gonorrhea
…, painful ….
Chlamydia
…, …, …
Can lead to …
AFTER
HIV: one of the most dangerous STDs
does what to the immune system? causes? treatment?
Hepatitis B virus
contagious? dealy? affects what? treatment?
Syphilis
Lesions, rashes, and then heart/nerves
Gonorrhea
Discharge, painful urination burning itch
Chlamydia
Discharge, burning, itch
Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease
AFTER
HIV: one of the most dangerous STDs
Slowly destroys the immune system, causing
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Treatment may achieve remission, but no cure
Hepatitis B virus
More contagious than HIV, but not as deadly
Affects liver
Vaccine available for prevention
Viral STDs
Genital herpes:
cause? birth?
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
what happens? types?
Yeast Infections (Candida)
what happens?
Trichomoniasis (protozoan)
what happens?
Pubic Lice (“Crabs”)
what happens?
Viral STDs
Genital herpes: Herpes simplex virus
Painful blisters may recur
May infect infants during birth
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Genital warts
Two types can cause cervical cancer
Yeast Infections (Candida)
Pain, inflammation, discharge
Trichomoniasis (protozoan)
Inflammation, foul discharge
Pubic Lice (“Crabs”)
Intense itching
Skin irritation
Scrotum
what is it? temp? muscle in temp? why?
Testes
Produce …
… cells
Triggered by …
Sperm production
Contains ~… feet of seminiferous tubules
each testis into … lobules
* Lobules contain … seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous Tubules
Germ cells
…
Sustentacular cells – Sertoli Cells
….
LH → Leydig cells → Testosterone
FSH → Sertoli cells → Support sperm development
Testosterone + FSH = sperm production success
Skin and fascia around testes
3 ̊ cooler than body temperature
Smooth muscle
* Contracts and pulls testes close when cold
* Relaxes when warm
Temperature is critical to sperm survival
Testes
Produce Testosterone
Leydig cells
Triggered by LH
Sperm production
Contains ~800 feet of seminiferous tubules
each testis into 250– 300 lobules
* Lobules contain 1–4 seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous Tubules
Germ cells
- sperm-forming cells
Sustentacular cells – Sertoli Cells
- support cells for developing sperm
Spermatogenesis
…. days to maturation
~… million / day
…% rejects
Require…
* Motility and number
Anatomy of a Spermatozoan
Tail for …
… head
Acrosome
… enzymes
Break down …
Mitochondria
…
64-74 days to maturation
~200 million / day
20% rejects
Require proper temp and pH
* Motility and number
Anatomy of a Spermatozoan
Tail for motility
DNA head
Acrosome
Digestive enzymes
Break down egg wall
Mitochondria
energy
Sertoli cells
…. barrier
Assist…
* Differentiation
* Phagocytizes defective sperm
Secrete … fluid
Aids … cells to secrete …
Secretes …
* Inhibits …
Epididymis
…m long (when uncoiled)
…-day journey
Site of …
Ductus or Vas Deferens
… sperm
Stored for up to…
Sertoli cells
Blood-testis barrier
Assist sperm production
* Differentiation
* Phagocytizes defective sperm
Secrete seminiferous fluid
Aids Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
Secretes inhibin
* Inhibits FSH(stimulate and maintain spermatogenesis)
Epididymis
- 6m long (when uncoiled)
- 20-day journey
- Site of Sperm maturation
Ductus or Vas Deferens
- Stores and transports sperm
- Stored for up to 2 months Then resorbed
Seminal Vesicles
~… volume
what is does?
Alkali
* …
Substances for sperm …
Prostaglandins
* Vaginal …
Clotting factors
* ….
Prostate Gland
Encircles …
…. compound glands
~…% of seminal fluid
Alkali
* ….
Prostaglandins
* Enhance sperm ….
Enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen
Bulbourethral Gland
* Cowper’s gland
…sized
… to prostate
Produce …
mucus enters …. urethra
* Neutralizes …
* … urethra
Seminal Vesicles
~60% of semen volume
Fructose to nourish sperm
Alkali
* Neutralize vaginal acid
Substances for sperm motility
Prostaglandins
* Vaginal contractions
Clotting factors
* inertial
Prostate Gland
Encircles urethra
20—30 compound glands
~25—30% of seminal fluid
Alkali
* Neutralize vaginal acid
Prostaglandins
* Enhance sperm motility
Enzymes that clot and then liquefy semen
Bulbourethral Gland
* Cowper’s gland
Pea-sized
inferior to prostate
Produce mucus
mucus enters spongy urethra
* Neutralizes traces of acidic urine
* Lubricates urethra
number and location
function
Ejaculation
Vasodilation to …
….
* parasympathetic control
…
* sympathetic control
Ejaculate
… mL
Semen
~… million sperm
Male Fertility Problems
…. tubules
Decreased … (usually hormonal)
* Less than …. million/ejaculation is considered infertile
Decreased sperm motility (hormonal)
Decreased Accessory gland secretion needed for sperm viability and survival)
Ejaculation
Vasodilation to penis - Increased blood flow
Erection
* parasympathetic control
Ejaculation
* sympathetic control
Ejaculate
4-7 mL
Semen
~400 million sperm
Male Fertility Problems
Blocked tubules
Decreased sperm count or quality (usually hormonal)
* Less than 60 million/ejaculation is considered infertile
Decreased sperm motility (hormonal)
Decreased Accessory gland secretion
needed for sperm viability and survival)
Male vs. Female Sperm
Male (Y)
durability and speed?
live?
Conceived if “deposit” close to … (day …)
Female Sperm (X)
durability and speed?
Live?
Conceived if “deposit” is … (day…)
Male vs. Female Sperm
Male (Y)
Lighter, faster, more fragile
Die in ~24 hours
Conceived if “deposit” close to ovulation (day 14)
Female Sperm (X)
Heavier, slower swimmers, hardier
Live 2-3 days
Conceived if “deposit” is early in cycle (day 11-13)
Fertilization
…% of sperm delivered to vagina
…% survive to cervix
…% survive to uterus
….% survive to oviducts
… site of fertilization
Fertilization is followed by …
many smaller cells called …
Early Development
Cleavage (Blastula)
Implantation
Gastrulation
Placentation
Organogenesis
Fertilization
100% of sperm delivered to vagina
3% survive to cervix
.1% survive to uterus
.001% survive to oviducts
Oviducts site of fertilization
Fertilization is followed by cell cleavage
many smaller cells called blastomeres
Early Development
Cleavage (Blastula)
Implantation
Gastrulation
Placentation
Organogenesis
Gastrulation - what is it?
Implantation of Blastocyst
* implants at ~ … days
Ectoderm
* …
Endoderm
* ….
Mesoderm
* …
Gastrulation - The embryo transforms from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells, a blastula, and reorganizes into a multilayered and multidimensional structure called the gastrula. which parts become parts of the human body
Implantation of Blastocyst
* implants at ~ 7-10 days
Ectoderm
* outer layer
* Nervous, epithelial
Endoderm
* Lines digestive tract
* Gut, liver
Mesoderm
* Middle layer
* Muscle
* kidney
After implantation
… develops
* … exchange
* endocrine organ secreting essential … hormones
⬧ what hormone?
⬧ Maintains … until placenta takes over at 3 months
Embryo phase
Weeks …
Development of …
23 Carnegie stages
Most susceptible
Fetal stage
Weeks … growth
4 Weeks Gestation
… are forming - what is it?
…. start to form
After implantation
Placenta develops
* Gas and nutrient exchange
* endocrine organ secreting essential pregnancy hormones
⬧ Human chorionic gonadotropin. HCG
⬧ Maintains corpus luteum until placenta takes over at 3 months
Embryo phase
Weeks 1-8
Development of all systems
23 Carnegie stages
Most susceptible
Fetal stage
Weeks 9-36 growth
4 Weeks Gestation
Somites are forming
Spinal cord
Ear and eye start to form
TEST
5 Weeks Gestation
(… weeks since implant and missed period)
What is working?
what is forming?
Fully functional placenta by … weeks
5 Weeks Gestation
(3 weeks since implant and missed period)
heart is beating
placenta is fully operational
mouth/liver/kidney/digestive systems
Arm and leg buds
Fully functional placenta by 5 weeks
