Immunity 2 Flashcards
Mastery
ABO blood groups
Type A blood and plasma?
Type B blood and plama?
Type AB blood and plasma?
Type O blood and plasma?
universal recipient and donor and why?
if youre type A, you have A antigens and B antibodies
AB is universal recipient
Type O is universal donor
Immune System
Defence against? other functions?
Antigen? Eg.
Pathogens: Bacteria and Viruses
Defense against
- Bacteria, viruses, worms
- Removes old cells. Liver and spleen
- Helps with repair (injuries)
Antigen
Eg. Virus, bacteria
Binds with antibody
Pathogens: Bacteria and Viruses
Bacteria
Viruses
Worms
Fungi
Parasites
Protozoa
Blood mismatch
Type A gets Type B blood
What is it called
Antibodies bind antigens
B antibodies in A blood bind on B blood
Clumping
Block small vessels
Hemolytic anemia, destruction of red cells
Also Rh mismatch
RH+= no antibodies RH
RH- = no antigen makes antibodies
Mechanisms of Disease by Pathogens
*
*
*
*
*
- Use host nutritional resources
- Physical damage to host tissue. Kill cells then eat
- Produce toxic substances
- Chromosomal and gene damage
- Abnormal cell behaviour
Viruses vs Bacteria
Bacteria
Viruses
AFTER
Antibiotics – Mechanism of Action
*
*
*
* work on …., not on…
Bacteria
- Small cells that often rely on tissues for food
Eg. Strep or Staph infections
* Salmonella (food poisoning)
Viruses
- DNA plus a protein coat
- Cannot replicate themselves
* Must infect cells to replicate
Eg. Coronavirus, HIV, Rhinovirus
Antibiotics – Mechanism of Action
* Target cell membrane
* Inhibit protein synthesis
* Interfere with metabolism, DNA synthesis
* Works on bacteria – not viruses
Types of Viral Infection
Viruses
E.g
how can they be in cells?
Viruses
E.g. colds, flu
- COVID
- Measles
- Chicken Pox
Can be dormant in cells
* replicate
* symptoms can erupt with stress
Examples of Bacterial Infections
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(Most upper respiratory infections are caused by
… and not …)
Examples of Bacterial Infections
* “Strep” throat (scarlet & rheumatic fever)
* Chronic sinus infection
* Bacterial Pneumonia
* Bladder infections
* Food poisoning (Salmonella, eg)
* STI’s - Chlamydia, syphilis & gonorrhea
* Skin infections (pus)
(Most upper respiratory infections are caused by
viruses and not bacteria) cold and fu
“Super-Bugs”
what is it? due to?
Eg. Cholostrum Difficile
*
MRSA –
*
Very limited in antibiotics that can fight them
Patients usually remain ….
“Super-Bugs”
Anti-biotic resistant bacteria
due to over-use of antibiotics
Eg. Cholostrum Difficile
* Intestinal – diarrhea and dehydration
MRSA – methicillin –resistant Staph. Aureus
* Eg. Flesh-eating disease, some pneumonias
Very limited in antibiotics that can fight them
Patients usually remain “infected”
Fungi
what are they and size? response? attack?
Examples
*
*
*
Plant-like organisms larger than bacteria
Inflammation response
Anti-fungals attack cell walls
Examples
- Tinea (athlete’s foot)
- Candida (yeast infections)
- Ringworm
Frequency and Types of Infection
Protozoa
type of organism? what is it? infection through?
2 examples?
Helminths
what can they be? and results?
Protozoa
- Single-celled organisms
* Water, soil, internal
- Infection through bite of infected insect or
- ingestion of spores
Malaria
* Most common
Giardia
Helminths
- Roundworms or flatworms
- Pinworms and tapeworms
* Pinworms cause anal itching
* Tapeworms cause intestinal disease due to
inadequately cooked meat
Prions
* Composed only of…
* affect….
* induce abnormal folding of….
* Progress…
* Treatable?
* Fatal?
* Eg.
*
*
Prions
* Composed only of infectious protein
* affect brain or neural tissue
* induce abnormal folding of cellular proteins
* Progress rapidly
* Currently untreatable
* Fatal
* Eg. Mad Cow disease
* Cattle wasting disease
* Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Disease Resistance
Nonspecific Resistance (Innate Immunity)
-
Specific Immunity (Adaptive Immunity)
-
Non-specific (Innate) -
speed?
internal or external?
inflammation
What cells?
Complenent system
Generality?
… but ….
what cells and what do they do
Disease Resistance
Nonspecific Resistance (Innate Immunity)
- Present at birth and includes defense
mechanisms against a wide range of pathogens
(non-specific)
Specific Immunity (Adaptive Immunity)
- Involves activation of specific lymphocytes that
combat a particular pathogen or other foreign
substance. T and B cells
Non-specific (Innate) - quick
- External defenses
- inflammation
- Interferon
- Natural killer cells / Phagocytes
Complement system
- Specific (acquired) – slower but stronger
- T-cells – kill infected cells
- B-cells – antibody response
Lines of Defense
First Line:
Second line:
Third line:
AFTER
External Defenses
-
-
-
-
-
-
Inflammation
↑ blood flow
↑permeability
First Line: skin and mucous membranes
Second line: non-specific mechanisms
phagocytosis, NK cells, inflammation, fever
These are both non-specific (innate immunity) and do not exhibit immunological memory
Third line: specific defense (adaptive immunity)
AFTER
External Defenses
- Skin
- Mucous
- Acid
- Cough
- Sneeze
- Natural Bacteria colonies
Inflammation
↑ blood flow to injury / infection site
Red / hot
↑ permeability of capillary
WBC’s and clot factors to site
Inflammation Response
what will be produced and function
Histamine causes
↑ blood flow….
↑ Permeability…
↑ WBC’s/proteins…
↑ Fluid… Eg.
Interferon
Cytokine from…
Prevents…
- Cytokines from injury / infected site
- Cause Mast cells to release histamine
Histamine causes
↑ blood flow to site (red, hot)
↑ Permeability of capillaries
↑ WBC’s/proteins to site
↑ Fluid accumulation - Swelling (edema)
Interferon
Cytokine from infected cell
Prevents VIRAL infection of other cells
LIMITS SPREAD OF INFECTION
Natural Killer Cells / Phagocytes
Macrophages
-
-
Neutrophils
-
Macrophages
- Cancers
- Bacteria
Neutrophils
- phagocytes
Phagocytosis of Pathogens With and without Capsules
with help on antibodies?
Ingested Pathogens Are Killed By…
Antigen-Presenting Cells
Marks a cell for….
Mediates an…
recognizes pathogen, binds to antigens, and brings it into itself. Digest.
antibodies bind to bacteria, can’t get away, it is stuck, then antibodies bind into macrophages. RECOGNIZE AND CAPTURE BETTER
Ingested Pathogens Are Killed By Lysosomal
Enzymes. lysosomes come around and digest it
Antigen-Presenting Cells
Marks a cell for helper T cells to come kill infected cells
Mediates an increased response. SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE
Complement System
what are they
forms
kills what
- Circulating proteins
- Forms Attack complex
- Kills anything marked by antibodies
