Respiratory 2 Flashcards
Mastery
Obstructive Disease
Chronic Bronchitis
- Response to…
- CAUSED by … or …
- … airways
- … … of mucous
- Decreases …
- Harder to move …
- Irritants trigger … and …
- Response to chronic irritants
- Smoking or pollutants
- Inflamed airways
- High production of mucous
- Decreases airway diameter
- Harder to move air
- Irritants trigger cough reflex and bronchoconstriction
Obstructive Disease in the Lungs
… compliance
… recoil
Difficult …
* Less … each breath
Easier to…
Eg. …, …, …
AFTER
Obstructive Disease
Emphysema
- Primarily caused by …
- Break-down of ….
- Loss of …
- Harder to…
- Increased … and … production
- Decreased … for …
- Greater … distance – less … exchange
- Patients are …, …, …
OBSTRUCTIVE - O - breath Out
High compliance
Low recoil
Difficult to breathe out
* Less “fresh air” each breath
Easier to breathe in
Eg. Emphysema(breakdown collagen and elastin), Asthma, Chronic bronchitis
AFTER
- Primarily caused by smoking
- Break-down of collagen/elastin in septal walls
- Loss of lung recoil
- Harder to breath out (OVER-INFLATED)
- Increased tar and mucous production
- Decreased surface area for gas exchange
- Greater diffusion distance – less O2 exchange
- Patients are bluish, fatigued, out of breath
Restrictive Disease
- … compliance, … recoil
Eg, … - ………
- Hard to …, easy to ….
- Hard to hold air … long enough for …
Restrictive disease examples
- Low compliance, high recoil
Eg, Fibrosis - Increased fibroids - Hard to breathe in, easy to breathe out
- Hard to hold air in long enough for gas exchange
Eg. Asbestos exposure
Increased fibroids
More collagen
Lungs become stiffer
Inflammation and scarring
Can also lead to mesothelioma
Gas exchange
* Exchange of what between what?
*External respiration (…)
*Internal respiration (…)
*Gas exchange is by….
*Need a … (…) …
*gas will move from …
Gas exchange
* Exchange oxygen and CO2 between the alveolar air and blood and tissues
*External respiration (alveoli to blood)
*Internal respiration (blood to tissues)
*Gas exchange is by simple diffusion
*Need a concentration (partial pressure) gradient
*gas will move from higher partial pressure
lower partial pressure
Partial Pressures
* what is the equation
*Fraction of oxygen in air = …%
*Fraction of nitrogen in air = …%
*Carbon dioxide and other gases are…
AFTER
*Fraction of O2, CO2, and N2 is the same in air at any
altitude .
*In Calgary, …% of air is oxygen and at the top of Mt.
Everest it is …%
*What is the difference
*In Vancouver(sea level), bp = 760 mm Hg x 0.21 = … mm Hg in dry air
*In Calgary(1,048 m), bp = 670 mm Hg x 0.21 = … mm Hg in dry air
*At top of Everest (8,848 m) the bp = 253 mm Hg x 0.21 = … mm Hg in dry air
Partial Pressures
*Fraction of a gas in an atmosphere x the
atmospheric pressure (or barometric pressure).
*Fraction of oxygen in air = 21%
*Fraction of nitrogen in air = 79%
*Carbon dioxide and other gases are less than 1%
of the air
AFTER
*Fraction of O2, CO2, and N2 is the same in air at any
altitude .
*In Calgary, 21% of air is oxygen and at the top of Mt.
Everest it is also 21%
Barometric pressure is dif!!!
*In Vancouver(sea level), bp = 760 mm Hg x 0.21 = 160 mm
Hg in dry air
*In Calgary(1,048 m), bp = 670 mm Hg x 0.21 = 140 mm Hg
in dry air
*At top of Everest (8,848 m) the bp = 253 mm Hg x 0.21 = 53
mm Hg in dry air
Composition of Alveolar Gas
Alveoli contain more … and … than atmospheric air, due to…
- 3.
Alveoli contain more CO2 and H2O than atmospheric air, due to
- Gas exchanges in the lungs
- Humidification of air
- Mixing of alveolar gas that occurs with each breath
- Tidal volume is 500 mL
- Residual volume is 1200 mL
External Respiration
Exchange of … and … across the …
Influenced by
1.
2.
3.
- Exchange of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane
Influenced by
- Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
- Ventilation-perfusion coupling
- Structural characteristics of the respiratory
membrane
