Digestion 3 Flashcards
Mastery
Regional enteritis
Symptoms:
*
*
*
*
Supportive treatment:
*
*
*
Inguinal hernia
* outpouching of..
* more common in…
Inguinal hernia
Strangulated ….
* portions intestine…
* cuts off ….
Treatment:
* ….
Regional enteritis
Symptoms:
* Anorexia
* Flatulence
* pain
* Diarrhea and constipation
Supportive treatment:
* Low-residue diet
* Medications
* surgery
Inguinal hernia
Outpouching of SI and peritoneum into groin area
More common in males
Inguinal hernia
Strangulated hernia
* portions intestine caught and twisted
* cuts off blood supply to organ
Treatment:
* Surgical repair
Large Intestine
* * * * * *
Haustral contractions
-
… and … reabsorption
Defecation reflex
- …. of rectum
… response
- … sphincters
- … rectal walls
Can … with higher brain centres
- Ileocecal valve * Cecum and appendix *Ascending colon *Transverse colon *Descending colon *Rectum
Haustral contractions
- Slow movements
Na+ reabsorption - Water reabsorption
E. Coli digestion of fibre
- incomplete
Defecation reflex
- Distention of rectum
Parasympathetic response
- Relaxes sphincters
- Contracts rectal walls
Can over-ride with
higher brain centres
Daily Secretions
Food Drink -
Saliva -
Stomach -
Bile -
Pancreas -
Small Intestine –
Total –
Daily Absorption
Small intestine -
Large Intestine -
Remaining Feces ~
Food Drink - 2 L/day
Saliva - 1.5 L/day
Stomach - 2 L/day
Bile - 0.5 L/day
Pancreas -1.5 L/day
Small Intestine – 1.5 L /day
Total – 9 L /day
Daily Absorption
Small intestine - 8.5 L / day
Large Intestine - 400 mL/day
Remaining Feces ~100 mL /day
Volvulus and Intussusception
Diseases of the Colon - Appendicitis
Inflammation of…
Symptoms:
*… pain
⬧ shifts to ….
* … and ….
* ….
* …cytosis
Intestinal obstruction
…. in intestine or bowel
* …., …., …..
* …. , ….
* …. obstruction
Intestinal obstruction
Symptoms:
* …. pain
* ….
* … and ….
Treatment:
* …. suctioning
* ….
Appendicitis
Inflammation of appendix
Symptoms:
* Abdominal pain
⬧ shifts to right lower quadrant (RLQ)
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever
* Leukocytosis
Intestinal obstruction
Blockage in intestine or bowel
* tumours, hernias, adhesions
* volvulus, intussusception
* paralytic obstruction
Intestinal obstruction
Symptoms:
* abdominal pain
* distention
* Nausea and vomiting
Treatment:
* Nasogastric suctioning
* Surgery
Ulcerative colitis - what is it?
Symptoms:
*
*
*
*
Treatment:
*
*
*
*
*
Irritable bowel syndrome aka …
Inflammation of…
Symptoms:
*
*
*
Causes:
*
*
*
*
Treatment:
*
Ulcerative colitis - Chronic inflammation of colon
Symptoms:
* Lower abdominal pain
* Blood in stools
* Anemia
* Diarrhea
Treatment:
* Dietary limitations
* Stress reduction
* Mild sedatives
* Anti-inflammatories
* Surgery
Irritable bowel syndrome aka spastic colon
Inflammation of bowel with chronic lesions
Symptoms:
* Abdominal pain
* Altered motility
* Diarrhea or constipation
Causes:
* Spicy foods and seasonings
* Caffeine
* Alcohol
* Stress
Treatment:
* Avoidance causative factors
Dysentery - what is it
RESULT
* with blood, pus, and mucous
* severe abdominal pain
Treatment dependent on cause
* …
Diverticulosis
*
Diverticulitis
*….
* become…
Symptoms:
*
*
Treatment:
*
*
Dysentery - Acute inflammation of colon
Massive diarrhea
* with blood, pus, and mucous
* severe abdominal pain
Treatment dependent on cause
* antibiotics if bacterial
Diverticulosis
* Condition of diverticula or little outpouches. Outpouches that don’t lead anywhere
Diverticulitis
* outpouches fill with fecal material
* become irritated and inflamed
Symptoms:
* Lower abdominal pain
* Cramping
Treatment:
* Antibiotics
* Dietary modification
Pancreas
Exocrine and Endocrine Function
Duct cells
-
Acinar cells
-
Endocrine cells
-
Pancreas
Exocrine and Endocrine Function
Duct cells
- Secrete bicarbonate
Acinar cells
- Secrete enzymes
Endocrine cells
- Secrete insulin / glucagon
Colon polyps - what is it?
Suspicious polyps excised
* ….?
⬧ …cancer
Colon polyps
Inward projections of mucosal lining
Suspicious polyps excised
* Pre-cancerous?
⬧ Colo-rectal cancer
Hemorrhoids
what is it?
* … or …
Causes:
* Pressure in ….
* ….
* …. standing
* …. and ….
Prevention:
*
*
*
Treatment:
*
*
*
*
*
Hemorrhoids
Varicose veins in rectum
* Internal or external
Causes:
* Pressure in anal area
* Constipation
* Prolonged standing
* Pregnancy and childbirth
Prevention:
* Good bowel habits – fluids, fibre
* Exercise
* Avoid laxatives
Treatment:
* Medications
* Warm sitz baths
* Manual reduction
* Cryosurgery
* hemorrhoidectomy
Pancreatitis - what is it
Symptoms:
*
*
*
*
*
age and gender?
Pancreatitis - Inflammation of pancreas
Symptoms:
* pain radiating to back
* Nausea / Vomiting
* Foul feces
* Necrosis, bleeding
Alcohol, female over 40
Necrosis, bleeding
Liver - Largest organ
Receives blood via …
Hepatic portal vein
* From …
* Rich in …
Hepatocytes
… cells
Arranged in …
Liver Functions
* Functions not related to …
* Metabolic processing of the major …
* Detoxifying or degrading ….
* Synthesizes plasma …
* Stores glycogen, fats, iron, copper, vitamins
* Makes clotting …
* Activates vitamin ….
* Removes … and worn-out …
* Excretes cholesterol and bilirubin
Liver - Largest organ
Receives blood via Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
* From gut
* Rich in nutrients
Hepatocytes
Liver cells
Arranged in sinusoids
Functions not related to digestion
Metabolic processing of the major nutrients
Detoxifying or degrading body wastes and
hormones, drugs, and other foreign compounds
Synthesizes plasma proteins
Stores glycogen, fats, iron, copper, vitamins
Makes clotting factors
Activates vitamin D
Removes bacteria and worn-out red blood cells
Excretes cholesterol and bilirubin
Formation of Bile
~ … mL per day
… based
Stored in …
- … (porphyrin rings form Hb)
- gives bile a …
- Cholesterol
- Lecithin
- Bile salts
important in … digestion
derived from ….
Recycled … - water
Formation of Bile
~ 900 mL per day
Cholesterol based
Stored in Gall bladder between meals
- Bilirubin (porphyrin rings form Hb)
- gives bile a yellow color
- Cholesterol
- Lecithin
- Bile salts
important in fat digestion
derived from cholesterol
Recycled within gut - water
Gall Bladder
Stores and concentrates …
Contracts with … (why)
Hepatitis - what is it
Causes:
* … drugs
* … substances
* … alcoholism
* Group of …
Symptoms:
* … and liver enlargement
* …. pain
* … stools
* … urine
* Malaise
* …exia
* …
* Ascites
Treatment:
*
*
*
*
Prevention:
*
*
*
Gall Bladder
Stores and concentrates bile
Contracts with CCK (get bile in, CCK is released when fat content is high. emulsify fats)
Hepatitis
Inflammation of liver
Causes:
* Chemical actions of drugs
* Toxic substances
* Chronic alcoholism
* Group of viruses
Symptoms:
* Jaundice (too much bilirubin, RBC death) and liver enlargement
* Myalgia and abdominal pain
* Clay or light-colored stools
* Dark-colored urine
* Malaise
* Anorexia
* Fever
* Ascites
Treatment:
* Rest
* Good nutrition
* Anti-virals
* transplant
Prevention:
* Good hygiene
* vaccination
* Special care when handling needles and body fluids
Cirrhosis - Chronic, irreversible, degenerative
* CAUSES
… of normal liver cells
* No …
* … tissue
Symptoms:
*
*
* … then …
⬧ Hobnailed (nodular)
* Ascites
⬧ High …
⬧ Organs …
⬧ …
Treat
* …
Cirrhosis - Chronic, irreversible, degenerative
* Alcohol, toxins. disease
Loss of normal liver cells
* No organization
* Scar tissue
Symptoms:
* Nausea
* Weight loss / Weakness
* Inflammation then degeneration
⬧ Hobnailed (nodular)
* Ascites
⬧ High abdominal venous pr.
⬧ Organs swell
⬧ bleeding
Treat
* transplant
NOT ON TEST
Hepatitis A (aka infectious hepatitis)
…
Incubates for…
… spread
… food
Hepatitis B
aka…
Can lead to chronic …
Spread by …
* Incubates …
Hepatitis C
Spread by …
Persists for …
* Can lead to … (~20%)
* May require …
Hepatitis D
Delta virus
* needs hepatitis B to replicate
⬧ Spreads like B
* Leads to chronic disease
Hepatitis E
Uncommon in N.A.
oral-fecal spread
* Often water contamination
Hepatitis A (aka infectious hepatitis)
Benign
Incubates for 2-6 wks
Oral-fecal spread
Contaminated food
Hepatitis B
aka serum hepatitis
Can lead to chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis
Spread by blood, urine, feces, saliva, and semen
* Incubates 2-6 months
Hepatitis C
Spread by blood or sexual contact
Persists for months or years
* Can lead to cirrhosis (~20%) liver scarring
* May require transplant
Hepatitis D
Delta virus
* needs hepatitis B to replicate
⬧ Spreads like B
* Leads to chronic disease
Hepatitis E
Uncommon in N.A.
oral-fecal spread
* Often water contamination
Liver cancer
Primary and benign tumours rare
* they often are a result of…
discovered late or end stage
Gall Bladder Diseases
Gallstones
consist of …
Can block ducts * If small – gravel
Five Fs for risk:
*
*
*
*
*
Cholelithiasis - what is it?
Symptoms:
*
* RUQ … with fat …
Cholecystitis - what is it?
* Eg. …
Symptoms:
* RUQ …
* … after eating
Treatment:
* …
Gall Bladder Diseases
Gallstones
consist of cholesterol, bilirubin, and calcium
Can block ducts
* If small – gravel
Five Fs for risk:
* Female
* Fair complexion(caucasian)
* Fat
* Fertile
* Forty or older
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts
Symptoms:
* Nausea / Vomiting
* RUQ pain with fat intake
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of gallbladder
* Eg. blockage
Symptoms:
* RUQ pain
* Nausea and vomiting after eating
Treatment:
* Surgical excision
