Urinary 3 Flashcards
Mastery
Micturition
what is it? control? CNS?
During Filling
what are the muscles doing? Sphincters?
During Micturition
Stretch receptors? sphincters? muscle? urine?
Micturition
The urination reflex
Autonomic control of sphincters and detrusor muscle
CNS can over-ride or initiate
During Filling
Bladder (detrusor) muscle is relaxed
Sphincters are contracted
During Micturition
Stretch receptors increase their firing
Sphincters relax
Detrusor muscle contracts
Urine flows out of bladder
Renal Failure - Causes of renal failure
Acute
- … agents
- … responses
- … flow
- …. supply
Chronic
- …
- …
- …
Renal Failure
Build-up …
* leads to…
Loss of … - …
Na+ and K+ imbalance
* Affects…
Loss of proteins - …
Loss of RBC’s - …
… blood pressure (… renin)
Dizziness
Acute
- Infections / Toxic agents
- Inappropriate immune responses
- Obstruction of urine flow
- An insufficient renal blood supply
Chronic
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Chronic exposure to toxins / drugs
Renal Failure
Build-up of wastes to toxic levels
* Vomiting, diarrhea, cellular necrosis
Loss of Calcium - Osteoporosis
Na+ and K+ imbalance
Affects nerve and muscle
Loss of proteins - Edema
Loss of RBC’s - Anemia
Low blood pressure (↓ renin)
Dizziness
Kidney Stones
- … in either the kidney, the ureters, or the bladder
- mineral?
- mineral?
- Food
- Drink?
- Drink?
Kidney Stones
- Crystallization of minerals in either the kidney, the ureters, or the bladder
- Calcium
- Oxalates
- Veggies (spinach, beets)
- Dehydration
- Binge drinking
Acid-Base Balance
Normal pH of …
… concentration is closely regulated
Abnormal pH can alter … and lead to…
LONG TERM CORRECTIONS
QUICK FIX
… and … balance in the body
Acidosis
- neurons become…
Alkalosis
- neurons become…
pH disturbances
- with … disturbances
Acid-Base Balance
Normal pH of 7.38–7.42
H+ concentration is closely regulated
Abnormal pH can alter tertiary structure of proteins
affects the nervous system
VENTILATION AND RENAL
BUFFER
Hydrogen ion and pH balance in the body
Acidosis
- neurons become less excitable and CNS depression
Alkalosis
- neurons hyperexcitable
pH disturbances
- with K+ disturbances
Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis
- Metabolic organic … production
* … acid (…)
* Ketoacids
⬧ …
results in…
Organic acids intake
* …
Respiratory Acidosis
Production of …
* … production
how to correct?
how to correct kidney?
Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic organic acid production
* Lactic acid (exercise)
* Ketoacids
⬧ Diabetes, produce ketones
Diarrhea
Organic acids intake
* Diet
Respiratory Acidosis
Production of CO2
* Acid production
have to correct with kidney
and kidney with respiratory
Alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
- leads to…
- … sources of bases
* Eg. …
- … stenosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
…
* (…)
Alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Vomitting
Dietary sources of bases
* Eg. Tums
Pyloric stenosis, buildup of acid in the stomach, bicarbonate buildup in SI
Respiratory Alkalosis
Hyperventilation
* (high altitude)
pH Homeostasis
3 ways to correct
Buffers, speed
…
Ventilation
…
Renal regulation, speed
…
Buffers - fastest
Combines with or releases H+
Ventilation - couple miutes
75% of disturbances. correct with kidney
Renal regulation Slowest of the three mechanisms
Directly excreting or reabsorbing H+
Buffers
speed
deal with H+?
- Phosphate
- Protein - Hemoglobin
- Bicarbonate
Respiratory Compensations
pH is adjusted by…
Response within …
EQUATION
Buffers - quick fix, not forever
Fastest response (within seconds)
Combines with H+ so it doesn’t affect pH
- Phosphate - HPO4
- Protein - Hemoglobin
- Bicarbonate - H2CO3
Respiratory Compensations
pH is adjusted by changing rate and depth
of breathing
Response within minutes
CO2 + H20 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-
Respiratory Corrections
Reflex pathway for respiratory compensation of metabolic acidosis
… breathing
if im acidic
if im alkalotic
Renal Compensation: Kidney
speed?
Can do what to factors?
Apical Na+-H+ exchanger (NHE)
Na+-HCO3– symport
H+-ATPase
H+-K+-ATPase
Na+-NH4+ antiport
Respiratory Corrections
Reflex pathway for respiratory compensation of metabolic acidosis
Increased breathing
faster
slower
Renal Compensation: Kidney
Slowest response (within hours)
Can retain or eliminate H+ or HCO3-
Apical Na+-H+ exchanger (NHE)
Na+-HCO3– symport
H+-ATPase
H+-K+-ATPase
Na+-NH4+ antiport
TEST
Body’s Correction for Acidosis
To … body pH
- Buffers…
- Breathing …
Decreases … (via …) - Kidney excrete … and keep…
Intercalated Cells
Type A - FUNCTION?
intercalated cells function in …
Secrete…
Reabsorb …
Body’s Correction for Acidosis
To raise body pH
Buffers bind to H+
Breathing increases
* Decreases CO2 and H+ (via Carbonic Acid)
Kidney excrete H+ and keep Bicarbonate
Intercalated
Cells
Type A - ACIDOSIS
intercalated cells function in acidosis
Secrete H+
Reabsorb bicarb
TEST
Body’s Correction for Alkalosis
To … pH,
Buffers …
Breathing …
* Retains … and …
Kidney retains … and …
Intercalated Cells
Type B -FUNCTIONS
intercalated cells function in …
Secrete …
Reabsorb …
Body’s Correction for Alkalosis
To lower pH,
Buffers release H+
Breathing slows down
* Retains CO2 and H+
Kidney retains H+ and secretes Bicarbonate
Intercalated Cells
Type B - base
intercalated cells function in alkalosis
Secrete bicarb
Reabsorb H+
