Immunity 1

Question 1

Blood Makeup

Blood Plasma Makeup
Serum?

Clinical Measures
RBC count
WBC count
Hematocrit - Hct
Hemoglobin - Hb
Platelets (

Answer 1

Red Blood Cells, Erythrocytes ~45%
White Blood Cells, Leukocytes <1%
Platelets <1%
Plasma ~55%

Blood Plasma
* 55% of blood
* 90–92% water, can depend on hydration
* Electrolytes / glucose
* Clotting factors
* Plasma proteins (~7%)
* Serum = plasma minus clotting factors

Clinical Measures
RBC count
~5 million / mm3
WBC count
~10,000 / mm3
Hematocrit - Hct
Ratio of RBC’s to total blood volume
~45%
Hemoglobin - Hb (12-15 mg/dL)
Platelets (150,000-350,000 / mm3)

Question 2

Red Blood Cells
Live for? how many? replace when? needs? From kidney, when?

Anemia
what is it? results? Iron deficiency Anemia?
Pernicious anemia?

Answer 2

Live ~120 days. 30 trillion
Replace ~1% per day
Need Iron and B12
Erythropoieten (from kidney) * Released if blood O2 is low. kidney failure

Low oxygen-carrying capacity and Fatigue
Iron deficiency Anemia. COMMON
- Low iron, low Hb
- Small cells, low Hct
Pernicious anemia
- Low B12
- Low RBC count

Question 3

Polycythemia
what is it? Primary? Secondary? Relative?

Answer 3

High RBC count or high hematocrit. Bad blood flow, very viscous
Primary
- Tumour that causes high RBC production
Secondary
- High EPO (eg. Elevation) causes high RBC
production
Relative
- Dehydration - reduced plasma – high hct

Question 4

Cell shape changes with the osmolarity of plasma

which condition is which in the test tubes?

Answer 4

Question 5

White Blood cells. TEST!!!!!

name the types and what they do

Answer 5

NELBM
Neutrophils? Basophils? Lymphocytes? Eosinophils? Monocytes?

Neutrophils
- Phagocytes
- 60-70% of WBC’s - MOST COMMON!!!!

Monocytes
- Macrophages, big eater
- 2-8% of WBC’s

Eosinophils
- Allergy response. over response, fight parasite
- 1-4% of WBC’s

Basophils
- Histamine
- <1%

Lymphocytes
- 20-30% of WBC’s
- T cells and B cells. SPECIFIC immune response

Question 6

Platelets
what are they? lifespan? ratio? Thrombocytopenia (ITP)?

Blood Clotting
vasculature response? platelets? blood?

Answer 6

Platelets
Cell fragments needed for clotting
* Lifespan of 5-9 days
* 5,000-10,000 / megakaryocyte
Thrombocytopaenia (ITP)
Low platelets – bruising / difficulty clotting

Blood Clotting
Vascular Spasm. Vasoconstriction to reduce blood loss
Platelet Plug
Coagulation

Question 7

Platelet Plug
exposure to? leads to?

Coagulation
Formation of? what is required? factors? feedback loop?

Coagulation pathways?

which is first? fibrin?

how is the second pathway initiated? produces? after healing?

Answer 7

Exposure to collagen (charged surface)
- activates platelets
- Activates other platelets to increase plug size
- Surrounding healthy tissues inhibit platelets

Coagulation
Formation of fibrin threads
- Clotting required
- clotting factors, platelets, calcium, vitamin K
- Vitamin K needed for the formation of several
factors
- Positive feedback loops

Extrinsic Path
- Needs external factor. Smaller response
Intrinsic Path
- Slower, More fibrin

Extrinsic pathway is initiated first
- Small amount of fibrin. SMALL

• Intrinsic pathway in then triggered through positive feedback
• Produces high volume of fibrin
• After healing, Plasmin will digest internal clots