Cardiovascular 3 Flashcards
Mastery
Abnormalities in RATE
Sinus rhythm
Tachycardia
affect? 2 types? eg.
Bradycardia
affect? normal or not? risk of….
Sinus rhythm (normal)
* 60 to 120 b/min
Tachycardia
Rapid heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute
* Sinus (normal, exercise) or ventricular(extra beats, problem)
E.g. heart disease, anxiety, fever, exercise
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate (less than 60 beats per minute)
* Can be normal in athletes; or abnormal (eg thyroid issue)
Risk of fainting
Abnormalities in RHYTHM
Arrhythmias
can cause….
causes include…
damage to the….
Abnormal patterns in ECG
Arrhythmias
can cause sudden death, fainting, heart failure, dizziness, palpitations or no symptoms at all
Causes include hypoxia, CAFFEINE, smoking, alcohol, ectopic excitable cell(extrasystole)
damage to conducting path
Atrial Fibrillation
pattern and waves?
Can affect…
Causes …
Risk factors
Treatment
Atrial Fibrillation
No organized pattern of atrial conduction
No P waves
Can affect ventricular filling!!!!
Chest discomfort, palpitation, Risk of clotting
Risk factors
* Caffeine, stress
* genetics
Electric conversion
Ablation
Anti-coagulants (lower Risk of clotting)
Other Examples of Arrythmias
PVC’s
Atrial flutter
Heart block
Ventricular Tachycardia
Other Examples of Arrythmias
PVC’s (extra beats, once a day or so)
Premature ventricular contraction
Atrial flutter
Extra p waves
Heart block
Impulses from SA node doesn’t reach AV node (No QRS)
Ventricular Tachycardia
Abnormal electrical cycling
PVC’s
Often caused by…
Trigger ….. in
Seriousness?
Risk factors
PVC’s
Premature Ventricular Contractions
Or Extrasystoles
Often caused by ectopic foci
Excitable cells (eg. Some purkinje cells)
Trigger extra beats in Atrial or ventricular
- Not usually serious
Risk factors
Stress, sleeplessness, Caffeine, medications
Supra-Ventricular Tachycardia
Originating in…
E.g.
- Extra pathway….
Symptoms include….
Supra-Ventricular Tachycardia
Abnormally fast heart rhythm
Originating in the atria
E.g. Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
- Extra pathway from atria to ventricle so extra beats
Symptoms include palpitations, fainting,
sweating, shortness of breath, or chest pain
what is a Heart Block
ecg?
Causes
Symptoms
Treat
Interruption in the conduction system
* Impulses from atria can’t always reach ventricles
* Normal P waves, fewer QRS
Causes
Aging, heart disease
Stress, caffeine, alcohol
Symptoms
Fatigue, fainting, chest pain
Treat - pacemaker
Ventricular Fibrillation
Causes include
Effects
leads to
Ventricular Fibrillation
Causes include
Arrythmias
Ischemia (heart attack)
No organized pattern of depolarization
No organized contraction
No ejection
Leads to death
LV Pressure
RV Pressure
Atrial Pressure
Aortic Pressure
- Heart Wall thickness
Heart Wall thickness
Wall thickness correlates to peak pressures
Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle
4 Phases
Diastolic Filling
Isovolumic Contraction(all are closed)
Ejection
Isovolumic Relaxation
Diastolic Filling
LAP - LVP
Valves open?
LVP - AP
Aortic valve?
Diastolic Filling
LAP>LVP
Mitral valve open
LVP < AP
Aortic valve closed
Isovolumic Contraction
ECG phase causes…
LVP….
Once LVP>LAP
what happens to valves?
pressure
Isovolumic Contraction
QRS – LV contracts
LVP increases
Once LVP>LAP
Mitral valve closes
Both valves closed
* Pressure still increasing
Isovolumic Relaxation
Which ECG? causes?
LVP…
Once LVP ? AP
Valves do what?
movement of blood?
After
LVP still ….
Once LVP ? LAP
Mitral valve…
Blood moves into…
Isovolumic Relaxation
T-wave makes Relaxation
LVP decreases
Once LVP< AP
Aortic valve closes
Both valves closed
No movement of blood
LVP still decreasing
Once LVP< LAP
Mitral valve opens
Blood moves into ventricle - filling
Ejection
Once LVP> AP
valves?
blood moves?
Ejection
Once LVP> AP
aortic valve opens
Blood ejected into aorta pressure as blood volume is pushed in
