Endocrine 3 Flashcards
Mastery
Thyroid Gland
Secretes … and ….
Released if …
Acts to …. acts on 3 things
* gut - ….
* Kidney - ….
* Bones - ….
Parathyroid Glands
Secretes ….
Antagonist to …
Released if ….
Acts to … blood Ca2+
* gut - ….
* Kidney - …
* Bones - …
Thyroid Gland
Secretes Calcitonin (CT) and thyroxine
Released if blood Ca2+ high
Acts to ↓ Blood Ca2+
* gut - ↓ Ca2+ absorption
* Kidney - ↑ Ca2+ excretion
* Bones - ↑ Ca2+ absorption
Parathyroid Glands
Secretes PTH (Parathyroid hormone)
Antagonist to CT
Released if blood calcium is low
Acts to ↑ blood Ca2+
* gut - ↑ Ca2+ absorption
* Kidney - ↓ Ca2+ excretion
* Bones - Ca2+ released
if blood Ca2+ is low,
Vitamin D
Activated by …
Stimulates …. and ….. absorption from intestine
Can be synthesized from …. derivative when exposed to sunlight
* Via liver and kidney
Vitamin D deficiency
Children – …
Adults – ….
…. of the bone
Results in…
Vitamin D
Activated by PTH
Stimulates Ca2+ and PO43- absorption from intestine
Can be synthesized from cholesterol derivative when exposed to sunlight
* Via liver and kidney
Vitamin D deficiency
Children – rickets
Adults – osteomalacia
Decalcification of the bone
Muscle weakness weight loss, bone pain
Parathyroid Gland Diseases
PTH – …. blood calcium
Hyperparathyroidism
* ….calcemia
* kidney …
* bone …
* hyperactivity of heart surgery
Hypoparathyroidism
…. PTH
* … blood calcium
* irritability of …
⬧ …
* uncontrolled contractions in face and hands
Treatment:
* V…
* C…
Parathyroid Gland Diseases
PTH – increases blood calcium
Hyperparathyroidism
* hypercalcemia
* kidney stones
* bone weakness
* hyperactivity of heart surgery
Hypoparathyroidism
↓ PTH
* low blood calcium
* irritability of muscles
⬧ Tetany
* uncontrolled contractions in face and hands
Treatment:
* Vitamin D
* Calcium
Adrenal Hormones
Medulla
Epinephrine
* …. sympathetic effect
* … heart rate
* … breathing
* …. metabolism
Cortex - Steroids
Mineralcorticoids
* …
Glucocorticoids
* …
Androgens
Aldosterone
Released if ….
Acts on r…
Speeds up ….
* … Na+ reabsorption
* … H20 reabsorption
Adrenal Hormones
Medulla
Epinephrine
* Longer sympathetic effect
* Increased heart rate
* Increased breathing
* Increased metabolism
Cortex - Steroids
Mineralcorticoids
* Aldosterone
Glucocorticoids
* Cortisol
Androgens
Aldosterone
Released if blood volume or Na+ is low (or K+ is high)
Acts on renal tubules in kidney
Speeds up Na+/K+ pump
* ↑ Na+ reabsorption
* ↑ H20 reabsorption
Aldosterone
Also part of the RAAS system
Plays a role in blood pressure control
Aldosterone
Also part of the RAAS system
Plays a role in blood pressure control
Androgens
Secretes….
Males produce … females produce …
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
* …. by testicular testosterone in males
* …. in females
⬧ …
⬧ …. growth spurt
⬧ female … drive
Androgens
Secretes both male and female sex hormones in both sexes
Males produce test, females produce estrogen
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
* Overpowered by testicular testosterone in males
* Physiologically significant in females
⬧ pubic and axillary hair
⬧ pubertal growth spurt
⬧ female sex drive
ANDROGENS
Men
…. important for bone health / cholesterol levels
…. estrogen may contribute to increased belly fat and
poor bone health
…. Estrogen may contribute to breast development,
erectile dysfunction, infertility
Women
…. testosterone may contribute to fatigue, loss of sex
drive, loss of muscle, mood changes
…. testosterone – male characteristics may develop
* Hair, lower voice, more muscle, etc.
ANDROGENS
Men
Estrogen important for bone health / cholesterol levels
Low estrogen may contribute to increased belly fat and
poor bone health
High Estrogen may contribute to breast development,
erectile dysfunction, infertility
Women
Low testosterone may contribute to fatigue, loss of sex
drive, loss of muscle, mood changes
High testosterone – male characteristics may develop
* Hair, lower voice, more muscle, etc.
Glucocorticoid
- Plays role in …
Increases blood glucose
- …. hepatic gluconeogenesis
- ….. by the cells
Stimulates ….. in muscle
Facilitates …..
Cortisol Stress Hormone
…. blood glucose and fatty acids
Plays key role in adaptation to stress
….. and … effects
Can result in …. if cortisol is high
Glucocorticoid
- Plays role in glucose balance
Increases blood glucose
- Stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis
- Inhibits glucose uptake by the cells
Stimulates protein break-down in muscle
Facilitates lipolysis
Stress Hormone”
High blood glucose and fatty acids
Plays key role in adaptation to stress
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects
Can result in sickness if cortisol is high
The Stress Response
Can be divided into 3 phases:
1. The …. Phase
- The …. Phase
* … response - The ….. Phase
* Abnormal …. function
* … failure
The Stress Response
Can be divided into 3 phases: - ARE
1. The Alarm Phase (fight/flight)
- The Resistance Phase
* Cortisol response - The Exhaustion Phase
* Abnormal body function
* Organ system failure
Immediate Effects of Stress
…. nervous response
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Time: ….
Adrenal response
…. from adrenal medulla
Time: ….
…. heart rate
…. breathing
… BP
The Stress Response
The … reaction is the second stage in a stress response
…. is the primary hormone … hormone and … are also involved
Lasts longer than the …. phase
…. blood sugar and blood fatty acids
Stress adaptation
Immediate Effects of Stress
Sympathetic nervous response
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Time: 2 to 3 seconds
Adrenal response
Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla
Time: 20 to 30 seconds
↑ heart rate
↑ breathing
↑ BP
The Stress Response
The resistance reaction is the second stage in a stress response
Cortisol is the primary hormone thyroid hormone and hGH are also involved
Lasts longer than the fight/flight phase
Higher blood sugar and blood fatty acids
Stress adaptation
The Stress Response Involves
1. ….
2. …. Hormone
3. …. hormone
The Stress Response Involves
1. Cortisol
2. Human Growth Hormone
3. Thyroid hormone
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Hyperadrenalism
…. adrenal cortex hormones
Conn’s syndrome
…. aldosterone
* ….Blood pressure
TEST
Cushing’s syndrome
…. cortisol
* ….glycemia
* …..lipidemia
* …. immune function
* weight…
* Sweating
Hypoadrenalism
Addison’s disease
…. adrenal hormones
* Weight ….
* N…
* Muscle …
* …. BP
treatment?
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Hyperadrenalism
↑ adrenal cortex hormones
Conn’s syndrome
↑ aldosterone
* ↑Blood pressure
Cushing’s syndrome
↑ cortisol
* Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
* Hyperlipidemia
* Poor immune function
* Weight gain - moon face
* Sweating
Hypoadrenalism
Addison’s disease
↓ adrenal hormones
* Weight loss
* Nausea
* Muscle weakness
* Low BP
Hormone replacement
Androgenital syndrome
…. sex hormones
Symptoms
* Adult females
⬧ Hirsutism (….)
⬧ …. voice, muscular arms and legs
⬧ Breasts ….. and menstruation may ….
* Newborn females
⬧ Have male-type …..
* Prepubertal males
⬧ Precocious pseudopuberty
- Adult males
⬧ Has no apparent effect
Androgenital syndrome
↑ sex hormones
Symptoms
* Adult females
⬧ Hirsutism (hair)
⬧ Deep voice, muscular arms and legs
⬧ Breasts smaller and menstruation may cease
* Newborn females
⬧ Have male-type external genitalia
* Prepubertal males
⬧ Precocious pseudopuberty -early and hard
- Adult males
⬧ Has no apparent effect
….
* tumour of adrenal medulla
* …. epinephrine and norepinephrine
* age ….
* Symptoms
* ….
* …. blood pressure
* ….. heart rate
* weight ….
treatment
Pheochromocytoma
* tumour of adrenal medulla
* ↑ epinephrine and norepinephrine
* age 30-60
* Symptoms
* Palpitations
* ↑ blood pressure
* rapid heart rate
* weight loss
Surgery
Pancreas
Exocrine cells
Acinar cells
* secrete ….
Endocrine cells - Pancreatic islets
* Islets of Langerhans
⬧ ~1 million
⬧ Alpha () cells
⬧ ….
⬧ Beta () cells
⬧ ….
The Pancreas
Alpha () cells - ….% - …
Beta () cells - .,…% - ….
Delta (∂) cells - ….% - Secrete ….
* … secretion of insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
Exocrine cells
Acinar cells
* secrete digestive enzymes
Islets of Langerhans
⬧ ~1 million
⬧ Alpha () cells
⬧ glucagon
⬧ Beta () cells
⬧ insulin
The Pancreas
Alpha () cells - 15% - glucagon
Beta () cells - 80% - insulin
Delta (∂) cells - 5% - Secrete somatostatin
* Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon
Insulin
Released when ….
Causes ….
…. blood glucose
…. formation
Also promotes cellular uptake
- … acids
- ….. acids
- enhances their ….
- tri…. and proteins
Insulin
Released when blood glucose high
Causes glucose to move into the cells
↓ blood glucose
Glycogen formation
Also promotes cellular uptake
- fatty acids
- amino acids
- enhances their conversion
- triglycerides and proteins
Glucagon
Released if …
Acts to ….
results in …
* Break-down ….
ketogenesis
Glucagon
Released if blood glucose low
Acts to ↑ blood glucose by
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
* Break-down of glycogen
ketogenesis
Feeding States
Absorptive states
…. hours after eating
…. is the main controller
* Move ….
Post-absorptive state
…. hours after eating
…. is the main controller
* Moves ….
Feeding States
Absorptive states
3-4 hours after eating
Insulin is the main controller
* Move nutrients into cells and storage
Post-absorptive state
4+ hours after eating
Glucagon is the main controller
* Moves nutrients out of storage and cells
Diabetes Mellitus
…. hyposecretion
… blood glucose
…. glucose in urine
* …. renal maximum
…. urine volume
Symptoms:
* ….. urination
* T…
* Hunger
Type I
…. insulin
* aka insulin-dependent diabetes
* Aka juvenile diabetes
* …. disorder
* Affects people age….
* Requires ….
⬧ Diet control
⬧ Blood monitoring
Type II
…..
* More common in ….
* Gradual onset
⬧ O…
⬧ age….
* …. sensitivity of cells to insulin
* “wearing out” of islets of Langerhans
* Controlled with diet, exercise
⬧ Helps control insulin secretion
Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin hyposecretion
High blood glucose
High glucose in urine
* Exceeds renal maximum
High urine volume
Symptoms:
* Frequent urination
* Thirst
* Hunger
Type I
Low insulin
* aka insulin-dependent diabetes
* Aka juvenile diabetes
* autoimmune disorder
* Affects people before age 25
* Requires daily injections of insulin
⬧ Diet control
⬧ Blood monitoring
Type II
Low insulin response, when glucose is high, cant do anything, cells are not responding
* More common in adults
* Gradual onset
⬧ Obesity - insulin has been high WHOLE LIFE
⬧ over age 40
* ↓ sensitivity of cells to insulin
* “wearing out” of islets of Langerhans
* Controlled with diet, exercise
⬧ Helps control insulin secretion
Early Type II
Poor response to ….
These patients need … to re- sensitize to insulin
* Insulin injections would …
⬧ beneficial?
Late Type II
….. dysfunctional and insulin levels ….
* These patients may now…
Early Type II
Poor response to insulin (insulin levels are high)
These patients need diet control and exercise to re-sensitize to insulin
* Insulin injections would de-sensitize even more
⬧ Not beneficial
Late Type II
Beta cells dysfunctional and insulin levels drop
* These patients may now need insulin injections
TYPE 1 AND 2 DIABETES
Diabetes mellitus
Complications:
* Long-term tissue damage
* Atherosclerosis
* Diabetic retinopathy
* Kidney damage
* Neuropathies
* Heart Disease
Gestational diabetes in pregnancy
Diabetes mellitus
Complications:
* Long-term tissue damage
* Atherosclerosis
* Diabetic retinopathy
* Kidney damage
* Neuropathies
* Heart Disease
Gestational diabetes in pregnancy
Reproductive Hormones - Gonads
Testosterone
Estrogen/progesterone
Testes
Testosterone
Time?
Sperm production
* Motility / number
Secondary sex characteristics
* Sex drive
* Hair growth
* Muscle maintenance
Ovaries
Estrogen and Progesterone
Cyclic cycle
* Follicles and corpus luteum
Affected by FSH and LH
Reproductive Hormones - Gonads
Testosterone
Estrogen/progesterone
Testes
Testosterone
Puberty to death
Sperm production
* Motility / number
Secondary sex characteristics
* Sex drive
* Hair growth
* Muscle maintenance
Ovaries
Estrogen and Progesterone
Cyclic cycle
* Follicles and corpus luteum
Affected by FSH and LH
Estrogen Effects
Menstrual cycle
Increased fat
Increased water
Breasts
Bone deposition mucous
Estrogen Effects
Menstrual cycle
Increased fat
Increased water
Breasts
Bone deposition mucous
