Endocrine 2 Flashcards
Mastery
Anterior pituitary hormones are stimulated or inhibited by ….
Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
… are tropic
Secretes … peptide hormones
Anterior pituitary hormones are stimulated or inhibited by one or more hypothalamic hormones
Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
Secretes 6 peptide hormones
5 are tropic
peptide, travel freely in blood, receptor in cell, 2nd messenger response, short half life.
FSH, LH Growth hormone, TSH, prolactin, ACTH
Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophyis)
* Hormones made in the …
O…
A…
* … in the posterior pituitary
* When neuron …, hormone is released,
Oxytocin - made in … released…
Stimulates ….
Promotes ….
ADH (Vasopressin)
Anti-diuretic hormone
Released if ….
Eg. …
… water reabsorption in kidney
… urine output
Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophyis)
* Hormones made in the hypothalamus. does not make its own
Oxytocin
ADH
* Stored in the posterior pituitary
* When neuron excited, hormone is released.
Oxytocin - made in hypo, released from post pit.
Stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth
Promotes milk ejection during lactation
ADH (Vasopressin)
Anti-diuretic hormone. collecting ducts
Released if blood volume low or blood osmolarity high
Eg. Dehydrated
Increases water reabsorption in kidney
Decreases urine output
Diabetes Insipidus
… ADH (vasopressin)
Excessive ….
* Urinating … L of urine in 24 hours
⬧ More than 3 L
* …tension
* Dizziness
* Constipation
Treat
* …
Diabetes Insipidus
↓ ADH (vasopressin)
Excessive polyuria
* Urinating as much as 8-19 L of urine in 24 hours
⬧ More than 3 L
* Hypotension
* Dizziness
* Constipation
Treat
* Vasopressin replacement
OXYTOCIN AND ADH
where do they come from
what do they act on
what is the affect
Pineal Gland
Secretes …
Influences … and …. activity
Other roles need research
…. (Seasonal affective disorder)
… behaviour
Both: Produced by the hypothalamus
Stored and released by: Posterior pituitary gland
act on Uterus (smooth muscle) Mammary glands
Promotes milk ejection (let-down reflex) during breastfeeding
Linked to social bonding and emotional connections
Act on kidney and Blood vessels
Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys → less urine
Helps conserve body water and maintain blood pressure
Causes vasoconstriction → increases blood pressure
Pineal Gland
Secretes Melatonin
Influences body clock and antioxidant activity
Other roles need research
SAD (Seasonal affective disorder)
Sexual behaviour
Gonadotropins
FSH – Follicle-stimulating hormone
Promotes ….
LH – Luteinizing hormone
…. secretion from gonads (acts with FSH) ovulation
secreting hormones
TSH – Thyroid-secreting hormone
Acts on …
Promotes … secretion
ACTH
Adenocorticotropic hormone
Acts on….
Promotes … secretion
Prolactin
…. hormone
Acts on … glands
… development
… production
Gonadotropins
FSH – Follicle-stimulating hormone
Promotes egg and sperm production
LH – Luteinizing hormone
Estrogen and Testosterone secretion from gonads (acts with FSH) ovulation
secreting hormones
TSH – Thyroid-secreting hormone
Acts on thyroid
Promotes TH secretion
ACTH
Adenocorticotropic hormone
Acts on adrenal cortex
Promotes cortisol secretion
Prolactin
Non-tropic hormone
Acts on mammary glands
Breast development
Milk production.
oxytocin releases, prolactin makes. POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Growth Hormone (GH)
GH causes liver to release ….
* (…)
* Somatomedins
Stimulates ….
* Increased ….
* lengthening and thickening of …
Other metabolic effects not related to growth
… fatty acids in blood
* breakdown of …. stored in adipose tissue
…. blood glucose
* …. glucose uptake by muscles
Growth Hormone (GH)
GH causes liver to release IGF’s
* (Insulin-like growth factors)
* Somatomedins
Stimulates protein synthesis and cell division
* Increased muscle
* lengthening and thickening of bones
Other metabolic effects not related to growth
↑ fatty acids in blood
* breakdown of fat stored in adipose tissue
↑ blood glucose
* ↓ glucose uptake by muscles
Endocrine Control of Growth
Growth depends on growth hormone and on other factors:
…. - maximum growth capacity
Adequate … and ….
Freedom from …
Normal levels of … hormones
* TH, Insulin, Epinephrine, androgens
Growth Rate
continuous?
Fetal growth
Promoted by hormones from ….
… plays no role
Postnatal growth spurt first two years of life
…. controlled
Pubertal growth spurt
Adolescence – …
Endocrine Control of Growth
Growth depends on growth hormone and on other factors:
Genetics - maximum growth capacity
Adequate diet and sleep
Freedom from chronic disease and stress
Normal levels of growth-influencing hormones
* TH, Insulin, Epinephrine, androgens
Growth Rate
Not continuous
Fetal growth
Promoted by hormones from placenta
GH plays no role
Postnatal growth spurt first two years of life
GH controlled
Pubertal growth spurt
Adolescence – GH
GH Hyposecretion
results in?
… GH
* No genetic disease
Proportional …
GH Hypersecretion
… GH
Before growth plates close
Gigantism
Lengthening of bone
After growth plates close (~20 y)
….
Thickening of bone instead
EXAMPLES
GH Hyposecretion
Dwarfism
Low GH
* No genetic disease
Proportional growth
GH Hypersecretion
Too much GH
Before growth plates close
Gigantism
Lengthening of bone
After growth plates close (~20 y)
Acromegaly
Thickening of bone instead
EXAMPLES
Gigantism
Endocrine system includes:
Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Thyroid - Parathyroids - Adrenals - Pancreas - Ovaries and testes
The Thyroid Gland
… endocrine gland
Follicles and areolar connective tissue
Produces two hormones
…
….
Thyroid hormone synthesis – T3 and T4
Requires …
Endocrine system includes:
Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Thyroid - Parathyroids - Adrenals - Pancreas - Ovaries and testes
The Thyroid Gland
Largest pure endocrine gland
Follicles and areolar connective tissue
Produces two hormones
Thyroid hormone (TH)
Calcitonin
Thyroid hormone synthesis – T3 and T4
Requires Iodine
Thyroid Gland
Secretes … hormone
(eg., if cold)
Thyroxine, TH, T3, T4
Acts on the …
Increases …
* Increases …
Thyroid Gland Diseases
Hyperthyroidism
excessive …
Causes include … of thyroid gland
Symptoms:
* …cardia
* Nervousness
* ….activity
* … loss/hunger
* temp?
* Eyes? TEST TEST TEST
Grave’s disease
….thyroidism
….condition
Treatment:
⬧ …
⬧ Radiation
⬧ …
Thyroid Gland
Secretes Thyroid hormone
(eg., if cold)
Thyroxine, TH, T3, T4
Acts on the cells
Increases metabolism
* Increases heat
Thyroid Gland Diseases
Hyperthyroidism
excessive thyroxine
Causes include tumour of thyroid gland
Symptoms:
* Tachycardia
* Nervousness
* Hyperactivity
* Weight loss / hunger
* Hot
* Exophthalmus (bulgy eyes)
Grave’s disease - If autoimmune
Hyperthyroidism
Autoimmune condition
Treatment:
⬧ Medication
⬧ Radiation
⬧ Surgery
Hypothyroidism
… TH
Causes
Auto-…
Low …
Low …
Symptoms
… and lethargic ; weight …
…. hair and nails
Mental …
… to treat
Cretinism
… TH in first … years of life
results in?
Hypothyroidism
Low TH
Causes
Auto-immune
Low TSH
Low iodine
Symptoms
Cold and lethargic ; weight gain
Brittle hair and nails
Mental sluggishness
Thyroid hormone replacement to treat
Cretinism
Low TH in first 2 years of life
Severe mental impairment
Low muscle tone
sleepiness
Simple goiter
Enlargement of …
* Can be ….thyroidism
* Eg.
Asymptomatic until ….
* leads to …. and dysphagia
Treatment:
* diet?
* …
Simple goiter
Enlargement of thyroid
* Can be hypo- or hyperthyroidism
* Eg. Low iodine or tumour
Asymptomatic until large
* leads to dyspnea and dysphagia
Treatment:
* Iodine in diet
* Surgery to decrease dysphagia (trouble swallowing)
and dyspnea (trouble breathing)
