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Meharry Biochem > Fatty Acids > Flashcards

Fatty Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main categories of fatty acids

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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2
Q

Steric acid is a …

A

Saturated fatty acid

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3
Q

Palmitic acid is a …

A

Saturated fatty acid

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4
Q

What are the 2 kinds of unsaturated fatty. Acids

A

Mono unsaturated / poly unsaturated

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5
Q

Oldic acid is a

A

Monounsaturated fatty acid

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6
Q

Palmitoleic acid is a

A

Mono unsaturated fatty acid

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7
Q

What are the 5 poly unsaturated fatty acids

A 
Linoleic
Linolenic 
Arachadonic 
EPA
DHA
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8
Q

What are the 2 essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic and linolenic

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9
Q

What is the nutritional classification

A

Omega

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10
Q

What are the 2 main nutritional families

A

Omega 3 and omega 6

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11
Q

List 2 omega 6 fatty acids

A

Linoleic and linolenic

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12
Q

Why are essential fatty acids important

A

We can not introduce a double bond beyond the delta 9 position

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13
Q

Naturally occurring fatty acids have delta bonds in what configuration

A

Cis

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14
Q

Do you find bend and kinks in cis or trans

A

Cis

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15
Q

Do we typically see trans fatty acids in nature

A

No

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16
Q

What is hydrogenation

A

Adding hydrogen of poly unsaturated fatty acids to make them more sutured

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17
Q

Do saturated fatted acids have double bonds

A

No

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18
Q

Do saturated fatty acids have high or. Low melting point

A

High

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19
Q

Are saturated fatty acids solid at RT

A

Yes

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20
Q

As the chain length of saturated fatty acids increases what happens to the melting point

A

Increases

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21
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have _____ double bonds

A

Cis

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22
Q

Do unsaturated fatty acids have high or low melting point

A

Low

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23
Q

Are unsaturated fatty acids solid or liquid at RT

A

Liquid

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24
Q

As the number of double bonds increases in a unsatatued fatty acid, what happens to the melting point

A

It decreases

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25
Q

What are the 2 broad catergories of fatty acids

A

Simple and complex

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26
Q

Simple fatty acids are also known as

A

Storage

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27
Q

Describe the properties of complex fatty acids

A

Amphipathic

Make up cell membranes

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28
Q

Describe the properties of simple fatty acids

A

Storage molecules, triacyl glycerolls , non polar , stored in adpipocytes

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29
Q

Are simple fatty acids polar or non polar

A

Non polar

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30
Q

Are complex fatty acid polar or non polar

A

Polar

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31
Q

Are glycerophosphlipids simple or complex and list them

A

Simple

  1. Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin)
  2. Phosphotidyethanolamine
  3. Phosphatidylserine
  4. Phosphatidylinositol
  5. Phosphatidylglycerol
  6. Cardiolipin
  7. Plasmogen
  8. Platelet activating factor
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32
Q

Which of the glycerophospholipids are ether lipids

A

Plasmologen , platelet activating factor

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33
Q

Glycolipids have what in the back. Bone and list them

A

Sphingosine

  1. cerebrosides
  2. Globosides
  3. ganliosides
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34
Q

Gangliosides must have what present

A

Sialic acid

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35
Q

Simple lipids have what In the backbone

A

Glycerol

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36
Q

Describe difference between sphingomyelin and glycolipids

A

Shpingomylin has po4 and choline as head group

Glycolipids have glucose,galactose or oligosaccaride

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37
Q

What are the 4 types of phospholypiases and where do they cleave

A

They cleave different parts of glycerophospholipids.
A = cleave first fatty acid. (Saturated)
B = Cleaves second fatty acid ( unsaturated )
C = phosphate
D= head group

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38
Q

What cleaves ceramides

A

Lysosomes ( acid hydrolaseses)

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39
Q

Sphingolipidoeses refer to

A

Storage dieseaes

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40
Q

If someone has Neiman picks they have excess

A

Sphingomyelin

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41
Q

Excess sphingomyelin is what disease

A

Neiman picks

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42
Q

Excess ganglioside is what disease

A

Tay Sachs

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43
Q

Excess glucocerbrosides is what disease

A

Gaucher disease `

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44
Q

What 2 things are needed t make a ceramide

A

Palmitol co-a

Serine

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45
Q

What is cdp

A

The main compound needed to form activated procurser for lipid s

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46
Q

What are the 4 steps in fatty acid degradation

A

OHOC

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47
Q

What is the result of fatty acid degradation

A

Activated acyl group shortened by 2 carbons

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48
Q

What are the steps in fatty acid synthesis

A

CRDR

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49
Q

What is the result of fatty acid synthesis

A

Activated acyl group lengthened by 2 carbons

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50
Q

What are the 2 starting materials for acid synthesis

A

Activated acyl group + activated Malonyl group

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51
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis take place

A

In the cytosol

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52
Q

What are the 2 imporant enzymes for fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl coa carboxylase

53
Q

Is the the active form of acetyl coa carboxylase phosphorylated?

A

Active = dephosphorylated

54
Q

What is the co factor that is required for acetyl co a carboxylase

A

Biotin

55
Q

What is the rate limiting step for fatty acid synthesis

A

Acytly coa carboxlase

56
Q

How long can the fatty acid get

A

16 c

57
Q

Is NADPH or NADH required in fatty acid synthesis

A

NADPH

58
Q

Where does elongation and desaturation of fatty acids occur in

A

In the ER

59
Q

Can double bonds be added after delta 9

A

No

60
Q

Double bonds cant be added after _____?

A

Delta 9

61
Q

What is the name of the shuttle that transports fatty acid to mitochondria

A

Carnitine shuttle

62
Q

ACC turns _______ into. _______

A

Acetyl coa into malonyl coa

63
Q

On which side does beta oxidation occur at

A

The carboxyl end

64
Q

Where are very long chains oxidized

A

In peroxisomes

65
Q

Fatty acids with an odd number of fatty acids yields

A

Propanol coa

66
Q

Do odd number fatty acids make acetyl coa

A

No , they make propanol coa

67
Q

In beta oxidation wth odd # what happens to the propanol coa

A

Propanol coa —-> succinyl coa

68
Q

What Is function of vitamin b 12

A

It is needed in the reaction of propanol coa to succinyl coa in odd chain fatty acids

69
Q

What is the first enzyme in beta oxidation

A

Acyl coa dehydrogenase

70
Q

If acyl coa dehydrogenase isn’t working what condition can this lead to

A

Hypoglycemia

71
Q

Where specifically does beta oxidation occur

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

72
Q

How do you calculate the number of beta oxidation cycles in even number chains

A

(Number of carbons / 2) - 1

73
Q

How do you know the number of acetyl coa produced in beta ox

A

Number of carbons / 2

74
Q

How do you calculate the # of FADH2 and NADH in beta ox?

A

Number of carbons / 2 — 1

75
Q

What are the 3 products of beta oxidation

A

Acetyl coa
FADH2
NADH

76
Q

Do lipogeneisis take place in starvation or well fed state

A

Well fed

77
Q

Low insulin and high glucagon is this well fed or starvation

A

Starvation

78
Q

High insulin, low glucagon

A

Well fed

79
Q

Is atp needed for fatty acid synthesis

A

Yes

80
Q

What reducing agent is needed for fatty acid synthesis

A

NADPH

81
Q

If lots of fat breakdown what can be produced

A

Ketone bodies

82
Q

What conditions induce ketone bodies

A

Fasting / starvation

Uncontrolled diabetes

83
Q

Where are ketone bodies specifically only produced

A

In the mitochondria in the LIVER

84
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies

A

Acetoacetate
Beta hydroxybuterate
Acetone

85
Q

Which of the ketone bodies can be used for energy and which can not

A

Betahydroxy butyrate - can be used
Acetoacetate - can be used
Acetone - can NOT

86
Q

Under what conditions can we see lipolysis

A

Low Insulin

High Glucagon

87
Q

Where are the 2 places that the acetyl coa can go in fatty acid breakdown

A

Citric acid or ketone bodies

88
Q

Local hormones are also called

A

Ecosinoids

89
Q

Ecosinoids are derivatives of ….

A

20 poly unsaturated fatty acids

90
Q

What are the 2 pathways for ecosinoids

A

Cyclooxgenase or lipoxygenase

91
Q

What are the products of the cycloeoxgenase pathway

A

Prostaglandins

Thromboxanes

92
Q

What are the products of the lipoxygenase pathway

A

Leukotrienes

Lipoxins

93
Q

What is the function of NSAIDs on ecosinoids and what pathway is blocked

A

They block cyclooxgenase therefore prostaglandins and thromboxanes can’t be produced

94
Q

Where is arachadoinic acids found

A

Membrane lipids

95
Q

What enzyme is responsible for removing arachadonic acid from membrane lipids

A

Phospholipase A2

96
Q

Is cholretoerol amphipathic

A

Yes

97
Q

Where is the hydroxyl group found on cholesterol

A

At c3

98
Q

Where are 2 places we see lots of cholesterol

A

Cell membranes , plasma lipoproteins

99
Q

What is a cholesterol ester

A

The OH group in position 3 is esterfied

100
Q

Is a cholesterol ester polar or non polar

A

Non Polar

101
Q

List 3 derivatives of cholesterol

A
  1. Bile salts
  2. Vitamin. D
  3. Hormones
102
Q

Cholesterol synthesis occurs in what 2 places

A

Cytosol and er

103
Q

All carbon atoms of cholesterol are derived from

A

Acetyl coa

104
Q

What is the first reactant we need to make cholesterol (precursor)

A

Acetyl coa

105
Q

What is the regulatory enzyme for cholesterol

A

HMG-coA reductase

106
Q

Describe the regulatory step for cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG- coa to mevalonate via HMG Coa reductase

107
Q

C5 units are in cholesterol synthesis are also known as

A

Isoprene units

108
Q

What is the function of statins

A

They bind to HMG-Coa reductase so that HMG can not get transformed into mevalontate

109
Q

What is made just before cholesterol is synthesized

A

Lanosterol

110
Q

List the 7 steps in cholesterol synthesis

A

Acetyl coa —>HMG coA —> Mevalonate —> isoprene —-> Lanosterol —> cholesterol

111
Q

How many carbons in cholesterol

A

30

112
Q

T/F vitamin D is derived from cholesterol

A

Yes

113
Q

List some things that are derived from isopentyl pyrophosphate

A

Rubber, vitamin A,E, K, isoprene , dolichols, quinone, carotenoids, plant hormones

114
Q

List 3 things derived from cholesterol

A

Bile acids, vitamin D, fatty acids

115
Q

What is the function of lipoproteins

A

They are used for transport

116
Q

What are the 4 kinds of lipoproteins

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. HDL
  3. LDL
  4. VLDL
117
Q

Dietary fats are emulsified by

A

Bile acid s

118
Q

What is the function of intestinal lipase

A

Breaks down fat so it can can get absorbed into the intestinal wall and then it get absorbed into the intestinal wall

119
Q

Chlymicrons are specific for

A

B 48

120
Q

What are 2 unique characteristics about chlymicorns

A

Largest

Most fat content

121
Q

What are the function of chylomicrons

A

Released into the blood stream where they enter the blood stream and activate lipoprotein lipase

122
Q

What is the function of lipoprotein lipase

A

Breaks down fat present in chylomicrons to release fatty acids to muscle and tissue

123
Q

Describe the exogenous pathway

A

Chylomycrons are broken down by lipoprotein lipase into chylomicron remanant and then taken to liver

124
Q

Describe VLDL

A

They are from the liver and go back thru the blood stream to get broken down by lipoprotein lipase

125
Q

Describe LDL

A

They are the “ bad” cholesterol . Takes cholesterol to extra hepatic tissues .

126
Q

What receptor is found on LDL

A

B100

127
Q

High LDL can lead to what

A

Athrosclerotic plaques

128
Q

What is the function of HDL

A

It is the good cholesterol

Takes cholesterol from the tissues back to the liver for creation of bile salts

Meharry Biochem (17 decks)

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