Fatty Acids Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 main categories of fatty acids
A
Saturated and unsaturated
2
Q
Steric acid is a …
A
Saturated fatty acid
3
Q
Palmitic acid is a …
A
Saturated fatty acid
4
Q
What are the 2 kinds of unsaturated fatty. Acids
A
Mono unsaturated / poly unsaturated
5
Q
Oldic acid is a
A
Monounsaturated fatty acid
6
Q
Palmitoleic acid is a
A
Mono unsaturated fatty acid
7
Q
What are the 5 poly unsaturated fatty acids
A
Linoleic Linolenic Arachadonic EPA DHA
8
Q
What are the 2 essential fatty acids
A
Linoleic and linolenic
9
Q
What is the nutritional classification
A
Omega
10
Q
What are the 2 main nutritional families
A
Omega 3 and omega 6
11
Q
List 2 omega 6 fatty acids
A
Linoleic and linolenic
12
Q
Why are essential fatty acids important
A
We can not introduce a double bond beyond the delta 9 position
13
Q
Naturally occurring fatty acids have delta bonds in what configuration
A
Cis
14
Q
Do you find bend and kinks in cis or trans
A
Cis
15
Q
Do we typically see trans fatty acids in nature
A
No
16
Q
What is hydrogenation
A
Adding hydrogen of poly unsaturated fatty acids to make them more sutured
17
Q
Do saturated fatted acids have double bonds
A
No
18
Q
Do saturated fatty acids have high or. Low melting point
A
High
19
Q
Are saturated fatty acids solid at RT
A
Yes
20
Q
As the chain length of saturated fatty acids increases what happens to the melting point
A
Increases
21
Q
Unsaturated fatty acids have _____ double bonds
A
Cis
22
Q
Do unsaturated fatty acids have high or low melting point
A
Low
23
Q
Are unsaturated fatty acids solid or liquid at RT
A
Liquid
24
Q
As the number of double bonds increases in a unsatatued fatty acid, what happens to the melting point
A
It decreases
25
What are the 2 broad catergories of fatty acids
Simple and complex
26
Simple fatty acids are also known as
Storage
27
Describe the properties of complex fatty acids
Amphipathic
| Make up cell membranes
28
Describe the properties of simple fatty acids
Storage molecules, triacyl glycerolls , non polar , stored in adpipocytes
29
Are simple fatty acids polar or non polar
Non polar
30
Are complex fatty acid polar or non polar
Polar
31
Are glycerophosphlipids simple or complex and list them
Simple
1. Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin)
2. Phosphotidyethanolamine
3. Phosphatidylserine
4. Phosphatidylinositol
5. Phosphatidylglycerol
6. Cardiolipin
7. Plasmogen
8. Platelet activating factor
32
Which of the glycerophospholipids are ether lipids
Plasmologen , platelet activating factor
33
Glycolipids have what in the back. Bone and list them
Sphingosine
1. cerebrosides
2. Globosides
3. ganliosides
34
Gangliosides must have what present
Sialic acid
35
Simple lipids have what In the backbone
Glycerol
36
Describe difference between sphingomyelin and glycolipids
Shpingomylin has po4 and choline as head group
| Glycolipids have glucose,galactose or oligosaccaride
37
What are the 4 types of phospholypiases and where do they cleave
They cleave different parts of glycerophospholipids.
A = cleave first fatty acid. (Saturated)
B = Cleaves second fatty acid ( unsaturated )
C = phosphate
D= head group
38
What cleaves ceramides
Lysosomes ( acid hydrolaseses)
39
Sphingolipidoeses refer to
Storage dieseaes
40
If someone has Neiman picks they have excess
Sphingomyelin
41
Excess sphingomyelin is what disease
Neiman picks
42
Excess ganglioside is what disease
Tay Sachs
43
Excess glucocerbrosides is what disease
Gaucher disease `
44
What 2 things are needed t make a ceramide
Palmitol co-a
| Serine
45
What is cdp
The main compound needed to form activated procurser for lipid s
46
What are the 4 steps in fatty acid degradation
OHOC
47
What is the result of fatty acid degradation
Activated acyl group shortened by 2 carbons
48
What are the steps in fatty acid synthesis
CRDR
49
What is the result of fatty acid synthesis
Activated acyl group lengthened by 2 carbons
50
What are the 2 starting materials for acid synthesis
Activated acyl group + activated Malonyl group
51
Where does fatty acid synthesis take place
In the cytosol
52
What are the 2 imporant enzymes for fatty acid synthesis
Acetyl coa carboxylase
53
Is the the active form of acetyl coa carboxylase phosphorylated?
Active = dephosphorylated
54
What is the co factor that is required for acetyl co a carboxylase
Biotin
55
What is the rate limiting step for fatty acid synthesis
Acytly coa carboxlase
56
How long can the fatty acid get
16 c
57
Is NADPH or NADH required in fatty acid synthesis
NADPH
58
Where does elongation and desaturation of fatty acids occur in
In the ER
59
Can double bonds be added after delta 9
No
60
Double bonds cant be added after _____?
Delta 9
61
What is the name of the shuttle that transports fatty acid to mitochondria
Carnitine shuttle
62
ACC turns _______ into. _______
Acetyl coa into malonyl coa
63
On which side does beta oxidation occur at
The carboxyl end
64
Where are very long chains oxidized
In peroxisomes
65
Fatty acids with an odd number of fatty acids yields
Propanol coa
66
Do odd number fatty acids make acetyl coa
No , they make propanol coa
67
In beta oxidation wth odd # what happens to the propanol coa
Propanol coa —-> succinyl coa
68
What Is function of vitamin b 12
It is needed in the reaction of propanol coa to succinyl coa in odd chain fatty acids
69
What is the first enzyme in beta oxidation
Acyl coa dehydrogenase
70
If acyl coa dehydrogenase isn’t working what condition can this lead to
Hypoglycemia
71
Where specifically does beta oxidation occur
In the matrix of the mitochondria
72
How do you calculate the number of beta oxidation cycles in even number chains
(Number of carbons / 2) - 1
73
How do you know the number of acetyl coa produced in beta ox
Number of carbons / 2
74
How do you calculate the # of FADH2 and NADH in beta ox?
Number of carbons / 2 — 1
75
What are the 3 products of beta oxidation
Acetyl coa
FADH2
NADH
76
Do lipogeneisis take place in starvation or well fed state
Well fed
77
Low insulin and high glucagon is this well fed or starvation
Starvation
78
High insulin, low glucagon
Well fed
79
Is atp needed for fatty acid synthesis
Yes
80
What reducing agent is needed for fatty acid synthesis
NADPH
81
If lots of fat breakdown what can be produced
Ketone bodies
82
What conditions induce ketone bodies
Fasting / starvation
| Uncontrolled diabetes
83
Where are ketone bodies specifically only produced
In the mitochondria in the LIVER
84
What are the 3 ketone bodies
Acetoacetate
Beta hydroxybuterate
Acetone
85
Which of the ketone bodies can be used for energy and which can not
Betahydroxy butyrate - can be used
Acetoacetate - can be used
Acetone - can NOT
86
Under what conditions can we see lipolysis
Low Insulin
| High Glucagon
87
Where are the 2 places that the acetyl coa can go in fatty acid breakdown
Citric acid or ketone bodies
88
Local hormones are also called
Ecosinoids
89
Ecosinoids are derivatives of ....
20 poly unsaturated fatty acids
90
What are the 2 pathways for ecosinoids
Cyclooxgenase or lipoxygenase
91
What are the products of the cycloeoxgenase pathway
Prostaglandins
| Thromboxanes
92
What are the products of the lipoxygenase pathway
Leukotrienes
| Lipoxins
93
What is the function of NSAIDs on ecosinoids and what pathway is blocked
They block cyclooxgenase therefore prostaglandins and thromboxanes can’t be produced
94
Where is arachadoinic acids found
Membrane lipids
95
What enzyme is responsible for removing arachadonic acid from membrane lipids
Phospholipase A2
96
Is cholretoerol amphipathic
Yes
97
Where is the hydroxyl group found on cholesterol
At c3
98
Where are 2 places we see lots of cholesterol
Cell membranes , plasma lipoproteins
99
What is a cholesterol ester
The OH group in position 3 is esterfied
100
Is a cholesterol ester polar or non polar
Non Polar
101
List 3 derivatives of cholesterol
1. Bile salts
2. Vitamin. D
3. Hormones
102
Cholesterol synthesis occurs in what 2 places
Cytosol and er
103
All carbon atoms of cholesterol are derived from
Acetyl coa
104
What is the first reactant we need to make cholesterol (precursor)
Acetyl coa
105
What is the regulatory enzyme for cholesterol
HMG-coA reductase
106
Describe the regulatory step for cholesterol synthesis
HMG- coa to mevalonate via HMG Coa reductase
107
C5 units are in cholesterol synthesis are also known as
Isoprene units
108
What is the function of statins
They bind to HMG-Coa reductase so that HMG can not get transformed into mevalontate
109
What is made just before cholesterol is synthesized
Lanosterol
110
List the 7 steps in cholesterol synthesis
Acetyl coa —>HMG coA —> Mevalonate —> isoprene —-> Lanosterol —> cholesterol
111
How many carbons in cholesterol
30
112
T/F vitamin D is derived from cholesterol
Yes
113
List some things that are derived from isopentyl pyrophosphate
Rubber, vitamin A,E, K, isoprene , dolichols, quinone, carotenoids, plant hormones
114
List 3 things derived from cholesterol
Bile acids, vitamin D, fatty acids
115
What is the function of lipoproteins
They are used for transport
116
What are the 4 kinds of lipoproteins
1. Chylomicrons
2. HDL
3. LDL
4. VLDL
117
Dietary fats are emulsified by
Bile acid s
118
What is the function of intestinal lipase
Breaks down fat so it can can get absorbed into the intestinal wall and then it get absorbed into the intestinal wall
119
Chlymicrons are specific for
B 48
120
What are 2 unique characteristics about chlymicorns
Largest
| Most fat content
121
What are the function of chylomicrons
Released into the blood stream where they enter the blood stream and activate lipoprotein lipase
122
What is the function of lipoprotein lipase
Breaks down fat present in chylomicrons to release fatty acids to muscle and tissue
123
Describe the exogenous pathway
Chylomycrons are broken down by lipoprotein lipase into chylomicron remanant and then taken to liver
124
Describe VLDL
They are from the liver and go back thru the blood stream to get broken down by lipoprotein lipase
125
Describe LDL
They are the “ bad” cholesterol . Takes cholesterol to extra hepatic tissues .
126
What receptor is found on LDL
B100
127
High LDL can lead to what
Athrosclerotic plaques
128
What is the function of HDL
It is the good cholesterol
| Takes cholesterol from the tissues back to the liver for creation of bile salts
