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Meharry Biochem > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

Lecture 1

1
Q

What is the general imperical formula of sugar

A

CH2O

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2
Q

I have 4 carbons how many H, and O will be present in the sugar?

A

C4H8O4

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3
Q

List 5 functions of sugars

A

1, Energy store

  1. Energy source
  2. Part of RNA/ DNA
  3. Structual elements of cells wall
  4. Enzymes
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4
Q

T/F sugars are classified based on # of sugar units

A

True

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5
Q

1 sugar unit -

A

monosaccharide

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6
Q

2 sugar units

A

disaccharide

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7
Q

3-10 sugar units =

A

oligosaccharide

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8
Q

10 + sugar units =

A

polysaccharide

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9
Q

classify glycogen and starch based on # of sugar units

A

polysaccharides

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10
Q

classify maltose based on # of sugar units

A

disaccharide

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11
Q

classify sucrose based on # of sugar units

A

dissaccharide

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12
Q

classify lactose based on # of sugar units

A

disaccahride

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13
Q

classify glucose based on # of sugar units

A

monosaccharide

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14
Q

classify fructose base on # of sugar units

A

monosaccharide

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15
Q

classify galactose based on # of sugar units

A

monosaccharide

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16
Q

classify mannose based on # of sugar units

A

monosaccharide

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17
Q

C3(H2O)3 or C3H6O3 label based on # of carbons

A

Triose

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18
Q

C4(H2O)4 or C4H8O4 label based on # of carbons

A

Tetrose

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19
Q

C5(H2O)5 or C5H10O label based on # of carbons

A

Pentose

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20
Q

C6(H2O)6 or C6H12O6 label based on # of carbons

A

Hexose

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21
Q

C7(H2O)7 or C7H14O7 label based on # of carbons

A

Heptose

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22
Q

What are the 2 possible functional groups on a sugar

A

aldehyde or ketone

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23
Q

Aldoses (e.g., glucose) have an ____ group at ____

A

Aldoses (e.g., glucose) have an aldehyde group at one end

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24
Q

Ketoses (e.g., fructose) have a____ usually at _____

A

Ketoses (e.g., fructose) have a keto group, usually at C2

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25
Q

What is an isomer?

A

 Compounds with the same molecular formula

but different molecular structures

26
Q

T/F isomers must contain a stereocenter?

A

False!

27
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

Compounds with same molecular formula and the
same structural formula but differ in the spatial
arrangement of the atoms in the molecule

28
Q

T/F stereoisomers must contain a stereocenter

A

true

29
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

Two stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable

mirror images of one another

30
Q

Are meso compounds active or inactive

A

inactive

31
Q

What is a meso compound

A

Meso compound: Stereoisomers that are superimposable mirror images. They are optically inactive.

32
Q

What is a diastereoisomer?

A

Two stereoisomers but not mirror images on

each other

33
Q

T/F enantiomers have opposite configurations at all

stereocenters

A

true !

34
Q

T/F diastereomers have opposite configurations at some but not all, stereocenters]

A

True!

35
Q

What is an epimer

A

Diastereomers that differ in the configuration

around a single asymmetric C atom only

36
Q

An optical isomer rotates to the right, what is it considered

A

right — dextrorotatory [designated as “+”]

37
Q

An optical isomer rotates to the left. what is it considered

A

left — levorotatory [designated as “-”]

38
Q

T/F: there is no relation between D or L form of
sugar with the dextrorotatory (+)or levorotatory (-)
optical rotation]

A

True

39
Q

Which carbon do we look at to see if a sugar is d or l

A

the penultimate! So if 6 carbons, look at carbon 5

40
Q

How do I tell if a sugar is D or L?

A

look at the penultimate carbon. If OH is on the right its a D and if the OH is on the left its an L

41
Q

In regards to the number of carbons, which types of sugars will cyclize?

A

Pentoses and hexoses

42
Q

what type of bond do we see in a cyclized sugar

A

hemiacetal

43
Q

a hemiacetyl bond is due to the reaction between an _____ or _____ and an _____ group .

A

a hemiacetly bond is due to the reaction between an aldehyde or ketone and an OH group

44
Q

glucose can form what 2 kinds of rings

A

furanose or puranose

45
Q

describe furanose

A

5 member ring, bond between c1 and c4

46
Q

describe pyranose

A

6 member ring, bond between c1 and c5

47
Q

What 2 kind of cyclical structures can fructose make, how many carobons and where are the bonds ?

A

furanonse 5 member ring, bond between c2 and c5 and pyranose 6 member ring, bond between c3 and c6

48
Q

what kind of bonds link sugars

A

glycosidic bonds

49
Q

what kind of bonds are in cyclical structures

A

hemiacytal bonds

50
Q

What happens at the c1 when cycalization occurs

A

a new symetric center is formed at c1

51
Q

How can i tell if anomers are alpha or beta?

A 
alpha = below the ring
beta = above the ring
52
Q

How do you know if a sugar is L or D when looking at a ring structure

A

if the CH20H aka carbon 6 is above the ring its a D, if its below the ring its an L

53
Q

How you know if a sugar is alpha or beta when looking at a ring structure?

A

If the anomeric OH is above the ring its beta , if the OH is below the ring it is alpha.

54
Q

what is an epimer

A

Epimers: different configuration in just one chiral carbon

55
Q

Anomers are simply special types of epimers T/F

A

True

56
Q

What are Anomers: different configuration in the chiral, anomericcarbon when the molecule is in the cyclic form

A

different configuration in the chiral, anomeric carbon when the molecule is in the cyclic form

57
Q

the glycosidic bonds are between which 2 carbons

A

1, 4

58
Q

Describe what makes up a glycosidic linkage

A

Bond formed between the OH group of anomeric
carbon of monosaccharide and the OH group of another
compound

59
Q

What is a N glycosidic bond

A

Bond formed between the OH group of anomeric carbon

and the nitrogen of an amine

60
Q

what 2 sugars make up lactose

A

glucose and galactose

61
Q

what 2 sugars make up sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

62
Q

what makes something a reducing sugar

A

A sugar is classified as a reducing sugar only if it has an openchain form with an ALDEHYDE group or a free (anomeric C).

Meharry Biochem (17 decks)

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