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Meharry Biochem > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

metabolomics

A

study of small molecues aka metabolites

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2
Q

ENcode

A

ENCyclopedia of DNA elements

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3
Q

Genbank

A

protein sequene data bank with all known nucleotide sequences and their translations

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4
Q

hapmap

A

an international effort to identify single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with common human diseases and
differential responses to pharmaceuticals.

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5
Q

ISDB

A

International Sequence DataBase

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6
Q

PDB

A

Protein DataBase. Three-dimensional structures of proteins,
polynucleotides, and other macromolecules, including proteins bound to
substrates, inhibitors, or other proteins.

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7
Q

BLAST

A

Compares protein and nucleotide sequences in order to identify areas of
similarity between sequences from same or diverse origins

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8
Q

T/F When these biomolecules are isolated and
examined individually, they conform to all the
physical and chemical properties of inanimate
matter

A

True

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9
Q

Define the study of biochemistry

A 
The study of biochemistry shows how the
collections of inanimate molecules that
constitute living organisms interact to
maintain and perpetuate life animated solely
by the physical and chemical laws that
govern the nonliving universe.
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10
Q

Briefly characterize living matter

A
  1. High degree of complexity and organization
  2. Extraction, transformation, and systematic use of
    energy to create and maintain structures and to do
    work
  3. Interactions of individual components are dynamic
    and coordinated with defined functions for each
    component
  4. Ability to sense and respond to changes in
    surrounding
  5. A capacity for fairly precise self-replication while allowing enough change for evolution
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11
Q

T/F all cells are the same

A

false

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12
Q

composition: Peptidoglycan Function: Mechanical support

A

cell wall

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13
Q

-Lipid + protein Permeability barrier

A

Cell membrane

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14
Q

DNA + protein Genetic information ( in prokaryotes)

A

Nucleoid

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15
Q

RNA + protein Protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

Protein Adhesion, conjugation

A

Pilli

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17
Q

Protein

Motility

A

Flagella

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18
Q

Aqueous solution

Site of metabolism

A

cytoplasm

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19
Q

which is more complex prok or euk?

A

Eukaryote

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20
Q

2 defining parts of euk cells

A

Have nucleus by definition

Have membrane-enclosed organelles

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21
Q

T/F all euk cells have nuclei

A

False, some cells become anuclear (red blood cells)

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22
Q

function of nucleus ?

A

protection for DNA; site of DNA metabolism

– selective import and export via nuclear membrane pores

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23
Q

what it is a benefit of having membrane enclosed organelles?

A

Spatial separation of energy-yielding and energyconsuming reactions helps cells to maintain homeostasis
and stay away from equilibrium

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24
Q

what is the function of the lysosome

A

– Lysosome for digestion of un-needed molecules

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25
Q

T/F lysosomes are fond in prok

A

false

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26
Q

T/F fungi have chlorplasts

A

false, they have mitochondria

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27
Q

the supra molecular complex that comprise DNA is

A

chromatin

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28
Q

the monomeric units of DNA are referred to as

A

nucleotides

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29
Q

the macromolecules that comprise the PM are known as

A

protein

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30
Q

how many kindoms are there

A

6

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31
Q

list the 6 kingdoms

A

Archaea, Baceria, prost, fungi, plantae, animalia

32
Q

Unicellular Prokaryote could include ?

A

Archaea, Bacteria

33
Q

Unicellular Eukaryote could include?

A

Protista

34
Q

Uni or multicellular eukaryote could include

A

Fungi

35
Q

Multicellular Eukaryote could include

A

plantae or animalia

36
Q

chemotroph

A

get energy from chemicals, not the sun

37
Q

phototroph

A

get energy from the sun

38
Q

Phototrophs that use CO2 as carbon source are known as

A

chemoautotrophs

39
Q

a animal gets energy from chemicals and uses organic compounds as carbon source are known as

A

chemoheterotrophs

40
Q

in terms of energy and carbon source, humans are considered

A

chemoheterotrophs

41
Q

what is the final electron acceptor for humans

A

02

42
Q

fermentive bacteria are known as

A

chemoheterotrophs

43
Q

T/F a photoheterotroph uses organic compounds as the carbon source?

A

false , it uses organic compounds

44
Q

T/F photoautotrophs use co2 as carbon source

A

true

45
Q

What are the bulk elements

A 
hydrogen -H
sodium -Na
potassium -K
calcium Ca
carbon C
nitrogen N
phosphorus P
oxygen O
clorine Cl
sulfer  S
46
Q

what are the trace elements

A 
I - Iron  (Fe)
C - Copper (Cu)
I - iodine (I)
M - Manganese (Mn)
Z - Zinc (Zn)
M- Molybedium (Mo)
C - Cobalt (Co)
F - Flourine (F)
S - Seleneium (Se)
C - Cromium  (Cr)
\+ Vanadium (V) & Magnesium (Mg)
47
Q

triple bonds are common t/f

A

false

48
Q

what are biomolecules

A

compounds of carbon with a variety of functional groups

49
Q

what kinds of bonds can carbon make

A

single , double and triple

50
Q

what kind of arrangement does carbon have

A

tetrahedral

51
Q

what are the 4 bonding angles around carbon

A

109.5

52
Q

can carbon carbon single bonds rotate

A

yes

53
Q

can carbon carbon double bonds rotate

A

no

54
Q

which is longer a carbon double bond or single bond

A

single are shorter and allow free rotation

55
Q

T/f Covalently linked carbon atom in
biomolecules can form linear chains and
cyclic structures.

A

True

56
Q

why was carbon selected to be the compound for molecular machinery

A

It is the bonding versatility of carbon, with itself and with other elements that was the major factor in the selection of carbon
compound for the molecular machinery of cells during evolution.

57
Q

Know functional groups!!

A

now

58
Q

Biological molecules typically have several functional groups t/f

A

true

59
Q

what is an isomer

A

Different compounds with the same molecular formula but

different chemical structures are called isomers.

60
Q

Describe stereo specificity

A

The covalent bonds and functional groups of a biomolecule are
central to its function, which is also influenced by the arrangement molecule.

61
Q

T/F different chemical structures have different properties
such as melting point or boiling point, then they can be
separated from each other.

A

True

62
Q

What is a structual/ constitutional isomer

A

same connectivity , different arrangement

63
Q

Look at the isomer chart again !!

A

now

64
Q

what is a steroisomer

A

same molecular formula and in the same order , but the spatial arrangement differs

65
Q

what are the 3 kinds of structual / confirmation isomers

A

functional - functional group changed
chain- goes for linear to chain
position - movement of a specific functional group to a new region

66
Q

describe the physical and chemical properties of : Stereoisomers

A

have different physical properities

67
Q

describe the physical and chemical properties of :Geometric isomers

A

have different physical and chemical properties

68
Q

describe the physical and chemical properties of : enantiomers

A

have identical physical properties (except with regard
to polarized light) and react identically with achiral
reagents

69
Q

describe the different chemical and physical properties of : Diastereomers

A

have different physical and chemical properties

70
Q

how to determine # of stereoisomers

A

2^n

n= number of chiral carbons

71
Q

what are the 2 ways that covalent bonds can be broken

A

homolytic

heterolytic

72
Q

t/f heterolytic cleave is more common that homolytic cleavage ?

A

True

73
Q

describe homolytic cleavage

A

In a homolytic cleavage, each atom keeps one of the bonding electrons, resulting in the
formation of carbon radicals (carbons having unpaired electrons) or uncharged hydrogen
atoms.

74
Q

describe heterolytic cleavage

A

In a heterolytic cleavage, one of the atoms retains both bonding electrons. This can
result in the formation of carbanions, carbocations, protons, or hydride ions.

75
Q

describe a nucleophile

A

a negatively charged species that like the positive nucleus

76
Q

describe an electrophile

A

a positively charged species that likes negative

77
Q

look at common nucleophiles page on last pg of power point

A

now

Meharry Biochem (17 decks)

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