Chapter 1 Flashcards by Adrienne carter

metabolomics

study of small molecues aka metabolites

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ENcode

ENCyclopedia of DNA elements

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Genbank

protein sequene data bank with all known nucleotide sequences and their translations

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hapmap

an international effort to identify single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with common human diseases and
differential responses to pharmaceuticals.

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ISDB

International Sequence DataBase

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PDB

Protein DataBase. Three-dimensional structures of proteins,
polynucleotides, and other macromolecules, including proteins bound to
substrates, inhibitors, or other proteins.

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BLAST

Compares protein and nucleotide sequences in order to identify areas of
similarity between sequences from same or diverse origins

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T/F When these biomolecules are isolated and
examined individually, they conform to all the
physical and chemical properties of inanimate
matter

True

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Define the study of biochemistry

The study of biochemistry shows how the
collections of inanimate molecules that
constitute living organisms interact to
maintain and perpetuate life animated solely
by the physical and chemical laws that
govern the nonliving universe.

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Briefly characterize living matter

High degree of complexity and organization
Extraction, transformation, and systematic use of
energy to create and maintain structures and to do
work
Interactions of individual components are dynamic
and coordinated with defined functions for each
component
Ability to sense and respond to changes in
surrounding
A capacity for fairly precise self-replication while allowing enough change for evolution

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T/F all cells are the same

false

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composition: Peptidoglycan Function: Mechanical support

cell wall

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-Lipid + protein Permeability barrier

Cell membrane

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DNA + protein Genetic information ( in prokaryotes)

Nucleoid

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RNA + protein Protein synthesis

Ribosomes

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Protein Adhesion, conjugation

Pilli

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Protein

Motility

Flagella

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Aqueous solution

Site of metabolism

cytoplasm

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which is more complex prok or euk?

Eukaryote

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2 defining parts of euk cells

Have nucleus by definition

Have membrane-enclosed organelles

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T/F all euk cells have nuclei

False, some cells become anuclear (red blood cells)

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function of nucleus ?

protection for DNA; site of DNA metabolism

– selective import and export via nuclear membrane pores

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what it is a benefit of having membrane enclosed organelles?

Spatial separation of energy-yielding and energyconsuming reactions helps cells to maintain homeostasis
and stay away from equilibrium

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what is the function of the lysosome

– Lysosome for digestion of un-needed molecules

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T/F lysosomes are fond in prok

false

T/F fungi have chlorplasts

false, they have mitochondria

the supra molecular complex that comprise DNA is

chromatin

the monomeric units of DNA are referred to as

nucleotides

the macromolecules that comprise the PM are known as

protein

how many kindoms are there

list the 6 kingdoms

Archaea, Baceria, prost, fungi, plantae, animalia

Unicellular Prokaryote could include ?

Archaea, Bacteria

Unicellular Eukaryote could include?

Protista

Uni or multicellular eukaryote could include

Fungi

Multicellular Eukaryote could include

plantae or animalia

chemotroph

get energy from chemicals, not the sun

phototroph

get energy from the sun

Phototrophs that use CO2 as carbon source are known as

chemoautotrophs

a animal gets energy from chemicals and uses organic compounds as carbon source are known as

chemoheterotrophs

in terms of energy and carbon source, humans are considered

chemoheterotrophs

what is the final electron acceptor for humans

fermentive bacteria are known as

chemoheterotrophs

T/F a photoheterotroph uses organic compounds as the carbon source?

false , it uses organic compounds

T/F photoautotrophs use co2 as carbon source

true

What are the bulk elements

``` hydrogen -H sodium -Na potassium -K calcium Ca carbon C nitrogen N phosphorus P oxygen O clorine Cl sulfer S ```

what are the trace elements

``` I - Iron (Fe) C - Copper (Cu) I - iodine (I) M - Manganese (Mn) Z - Zinc (Zn) M- Molybedium (Mo) C - Cobalt (Co) F - Flourine (F) S - Seleneium (Se) C - Cromium (Cr) + Vanadium (V) & Magnesium (Mg) ```

triple bonds are common t/f

false

what are biomolecules

compounds of carbon with a variety of functional groups

what kinds of bonds can carbon make

single , double and triple

what kind of arrangement does carbon have

tetrahedral

what are the 4 bonding angles around carbon

109.5

can carbon carbon single bonds rotate

yes

can carbon carbon double bonds rotate

which is longer a carbon double bond or single bond

single are shorter and allow free rotation

T/f Covalently linked carbon atom in biomolecules can form linear chains and cyclic structures.

True

why was carbon selected to be the compound for molecular machinery

It is the bonding versatility of carbon, with itself and with other elements that was the major factor in the selection of carbon compound for the molecular machinery of cells during evolution.

Know functional groups!!

now

Biological molecules typically have several functional groups t/f

true

what is an isomer

Different compounds with the same molecular formula but | different chemical structures are called isomers.

Describe stereo specificity

The covalent bonds and functional groups of a biomolecule are central to its function, which is also influenced by the arrangement molecule.

T/F different chemical structures have different properties such as melting point or boiling point, then they can be separated from each other.

True

What is a structual/ constitutional isomer

same connectivity , different arrangement

Look at the isomer chart again !!

now

what is a steroisomer

same molecular formula and in the same order , but the spatial arrangement differs

what are the 3 kinds of structual / confirmation isomers

functional - functional group changed chain- goes for linear to chain position - movement of a specific functional group to a new region

describe the physical and chemical properties of : Stereoisomers

have different physical properities

describe the physical and chemical properties of :Geometric isomers

have different physical and chemical properties

describe the physical and chemical properties of : enantiomers

have identical physical properties (except with regard to polarized light) and react identically with achiral reagents

describe the different chemical and physical properties of : Diastereomers

have different physical and chemical properties

how to determine # of stereoisomers

2^n | n= number of chiral carbons

what are the 2 ways that covalent bonds can be broken

homolytic | heterolytic

t/f heterolytic cleave is more common that homolytic cleavage ?

True

describe homolytic cleavage

In a homolytic cleavage, each atom keeps one of the bonding electrons, resulting in the formation of carbon radicals (carbons having unpaired electrons) or uncharged hydrogen atoms.

describe heterolytic cleavage

In a heterolytic cleavage, one of the atoms retains both bonding electrons. This can result in the formation of carbanions, carbocations, protons, or hydride ions.

describe a nucleophile

a negatively charged species that like the positive nucleus

describe an electrophile

a positively charged species that likes negative

look at common nucleophiles page on last pg of power point

now