Chapter 1 Flashcards
metabolomics
study of small molecues aka metabolites
ENcode
ENCyclopedia of DNA elements
Genbank
protein sequene data bank with all known nucleotide sequences and their translations
hapmap
an international effort to identify single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with common human diseases and
differential responses to pharmaceuticals.
ISDB
International Sequence DataBase
PDB
Protein DataBase. Three-dimensional structures of proteins,
polynucleotides, and other macromolecules, including proteins bound to
substrates, inhibitors, or other proteins.
BLAST
Compares protein and nucleotide sequences in order to identify areas of
similarity between sequences from same or diverse origins
T/F When these biomolecules are isolated and
examined individually, they conform to all the
physical and chemical properties of inanimate
matter
True
Define the study of biochemistry
The study of biochemistry shows how the collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact to maintain and perpetuate life animated solely by the physical and chemical laws that govern the nonliving universe.
Briefly characterize living matter
- High degree of complexity and organization
- Extraction, transformation, and systematic use of
energy to create and maintain structures and to do
work - Interactions of individual components are dynamic
and coordinated with defined functions for each
component - Ability to sense and respond to changes in
surrounding - A capacity for fairly precise self-replication while allowing enough change for evolution
T/F all cells are the same
false
composition: Peptidoglycan Function: Mechanical support
cell wall
-Lipid + protein Permeability barrier
Cell membrane
DNA + protein Genetic information ( in prokaryotes)
Nucleoid
RNA + protein Protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Protein Adhesion, conjugation
Pilli
Protein
Motility
Flagella
Aqueous solution
Site of metabolism
cytoplasm
which is more complex prok or euk?
Eukaryote
2 defining parts of euk cells
Have nucleus by definition
Have membrane-enclosed organelles
T/F all euk cells have nuclei
False, some cells become anuclear (red blood cells)
function of nucleus ?
protection for DNA; site of DNA metabolism
– selective import and export via nuclear membrane pores
what it is a benefit of having membrane enclosed organelles?
Spatial separation of energy-yielding and energyconsuming reactions helps cells to maintain homeostasis
and stay away from equilibrium
what is the function of the lysosome
– Lysosome for digestion of un-needed molecules
T/F lysosomes are fond in prok
false
T/F fungi have chlorplasts
false, they have mitochondria
the supra molecular complex that comprise DNA is
chromatin
the monomeric units of DNA are referred to as
nucleotides
the macromolecules that comprise the PM are known as
protein
how many kindoms are there
6
list the 6 kingdoms
Archaea, Baceria, prost, fungi, plantae, animalia
Unicellular Prokaryote could include ?
Archaea, Bacteria
Unicellular Eukaryote could include?
Protista
Uni or multicellular eukaryote could include
Fungi
Multicellular Eukaryote could include
plantae or animalia
chemotroph
get energy from chemicals, not the sun
phototroph
get energy from the sun
Phototrophs that use CO2 as carbon source are known as
chemoautotrophs
a animal gets energy from chemicals and uses organic compounds as carbon source are known as
chemoheterotrophs
in terms of energy and carbon source, humans are considered
chemoheterotrophs
what is the final electron acceptor for humans
02
fermentive bacteria are known as
chemoheterotrophs
T/F a photoheterotroph uses organic compounds as the carbon source?
false , it uses organic compounds
T/F photoautotrophs use co2 as carbon source
true
What are the bulk elements
hydrogen -H sodium -Na potassium -K calcium Ca carbon C nitrogen N phosphorus P oxygen O clorine Cl sulfer S
what are the trace elements
I - Iron (Fe) C - Copper (Cu) I - iodine (I) M - Manganese (Mn) Z - Zinc (Zn) M- Molybedium (Mo) C - Cobalt (Co) F - Flourine (F) S - Seleneium (Se) C - Cromium (Cr) \+ Vanadium (V) & Magnesium (Mg)
triple bonds are common t/f
false
what are biomolecules
compounds of carbon with a variety of functional groups
what kinds of bonds can carbon make
single , double and triple
what kind of arrangement does carbon have
tetrahedral
what are the 4 bonding angles around carbon
109.5
can carbon carbon single bonds rotate
yes
can carbon carbon double bonds rotate
no
which is longer a carbon double bond or single bond
single are shorter and allow free rotation
T/f Covalently linked carbon atom in
biomolecules can form linear chains and
cyclic structures.
True
why was carbon selected to be the compound for molecular machinery
It is the bonding versatility of carbon, with itself and with other elements that was the major factor in the selection of carbon
compound for the molecular machinery of cells during evolution.
Know functional groups!!
now
Biological molecules typically have several functional groups t/f
true
what is an isomer
Different compounds with the same molecular formula but
different chemical structures are called isomers.
Describe stereo specificity
The covalent bonds and functional groups of a biomolecule are
central to its function, which is also influenced by the arrangement molecule.
T/F different chemical structures have different properties
such as melting point or boiling point, then they can be
separated from each other.
True
What is a structual/ constitutional isomer
same connectivity , different arrangement
Look at the isomer chart again !!
now
what is a steroisomer
same molecular formula and in the same order , but the spatial arrangement differs
what are the 3 kinds of structual / confirmation isomers
functional - functional group changed
chain- goes for linear to chain
position - movement of a specific functional group to a new region
describe the physical and chemical properties of : Stereoisomers
have different physical properities
describe the physical and chemical properties of :Geometric isomers
have different physical and chemical properties
describe the physical and chemical properties of : enantiomers
have identical physical properties (except with regard
to polarized light) and react identically with achiral
reagents
describe the different chemical and physical properties of : Diastereomers
have different physical and chemical properties
how to determine # of stereoisomers
2^n
n= number of chiral carbons
what are the 2 ways that covalent bonds can be broken
homolytic
heterolytic
t/f heterolytic cleave is more common that homolytic cleavage ?
True
describe homolytic cleavage
In a homolytic cleavage, each atom keeps one of the bonding electrons, resulting in the
formation of carbon radicals (carbons having unpaired electrons) or uncharged hydrogen
atoms.
describe heterolytic cleavage
In a heterolytic cleavage, one of the atoms retains both bonding electrons. This can
result in the formation of carbanions, carbocations, protons, or hydride ions.
describe a nucleophile
a negatively charged species that like the positive nucleus
describe an electrophile
a positively charged species that likes negative
look at common nucleophiles page on last pg of power point
now
