F1 Flashcards
Scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change patters of functioning
abnormal psychology
People who deviate from common behavior patterns or display odd or whimsical behavior, nonconformists, extreme interests, etc.
eccentrics
Author who found the concept of mental illness to be invalid, a myth, wrote book “The Myth of Mental Illness”
Thomas Szasz
Thomas Szasz primary argument
societies invent mental illness to control people
Famous humanist who gave us client-centered therapy, argued that there is no agreement for therapy or successful outcome
Carl Rogers
Famous author that says therapy has three important features
Jerome Frank
Jerome Frank’s three features of therapy
(1) someone is suffering who seeks relief, (2) trained socially acceptable healer, (3) series of contacts between sufferer and healer to feel better
Father of modern study of psychopathology, believed biological reasons caused mental illness
Johann Weyer
Individual in France who protested treatment of the mentally ill, took locks off asylum in Paris
Pinel
Famous advocate for mentall ill in England
Tuke
Father of American Psychiatry, part of the moral treatment movement in the 1800s
Benjamin Rush
Boston schoolteacher who advocated for more humane treatment for the mentally ill and called for creation of state hospitals
Dorothea Dix
Example of immoral outcome to biological approaches under the somatogenic perspective
eugenics
Philosopher who advocated for somatogenic perspective
Emil Kraeplin
Elimination through medical or other means of an individuals ability to reproduce
Eugenics
Example of new medications resulting from biological approach
psychotropic medications
Physician who would work with hysteria, no clear physical basis for ailment
Breuer
Primary proponent of psychoanalysis, proponent of outpatient therapy
Freud
Mental health practitioner who is a medical doctor specializing in medical disorders who can prescribe medications
psychiatrist
Type of practitioner who are seeking to discover universal laws about abnormal behavior and psychological functioning, nomothetic understanding
clinical researchers
Relating to the study or discovery of general scientific laws
nomothetic
Three ways to do research
descriptive (case study), correlational, experimental
Provides a detailed, interpretative description of a person’s life and psychological problems, may be biased
case study (descriptive research)
Research looking for a relationship between variables, uses statistical analysis of probability, cannot establish cause and effect
correlational method
Type of correlation study that Reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
Largest epidemiological study
Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study
Number of new cases of disorder in a period of time
incidence
Total number of cases in a period of time
prevalence
Type of correlation study that Involve observation of same individuals on many occasions over a long period
longitudinal studies
Correlational studies of many pairs of identical twins
twin studies
Correlational studies of many pairs of twins have suggested a link between what
genetic factors and certain psychological disorders
Only research method where we can discover cause and effect, independent variable is manipulated and effect on dependent variable is observed
experimental method
Experiments where nature creates the events, eg PTSD and earthquakes
natural experiments
Experiments that cannot be done on humans ethically, eg learned helplessness, Seligman dogs being shocked, panel with hole in it
analogue experiment
Experiments with only one person, measuring before and after manipulation
single subject experiments
Experiments called ABAB design where baseline is taken, then manipulation, then measure, then remove manipulation, then measure, then reintroduce manipulation, then measure, eg behaving children and rewards
reversal design
In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as
MODELS or PARADIGMS
Chemicals that are released at synapses that carry messages between nerves, abnormal activity can cause mental disorders
Neurotransmitters
Mental disorders are sometimes related to abnormal chemical activity where
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (glands, hormones)
Three sources of biological abnormalities
Genetics, Evolution, Viral infections
Source of biological abnormalities that plays a part in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders
GENETIC INHERITANCE
Three types of biological treatment
drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery
Therapy for psychotropic medications in 1950s improved outlook for a number of mental disorders
DRUG THERAPY
Biological treatment involving use of electrical current to induce grand mal seizure
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
Biological treatment that is used when all other treatments are exhausted, historical roots in trephination or lobotomy
PSYCHOSURGERY (OR NEUROSURGERY)
Form of psychosurgery used to treat obsessive compulsive disorder
Cingulotomy
Psychological philosophy that argues that normal or abnormal behavior is determined largely by conflict among underlying, unconscious, dynamic interacting psychological forces, id, ego, superego
psychodynamic model
New psychodynamic theorists who emphasize the role of the ego; consider it independent and powerful, minimize importance of conflict between id and ego
EGO THEORISTS
New psychodynamic theorists who emphasize the unified personality
SELF THEORISTS
Name of notable self-theorist, emphasized unified personality, concept of self which Kohut never defined, basic motivation is to strengthen wholeness of self
Hans Kohut
New psychodynamic theorists who emphasize the human need for relationships, especially between children and caregivers, abnormal behavior can be traced to problems with caregivers
OBJECT-RELATIONS THEORISTS
General goals of psychodynamic therapies
uncover past trauma, conflict, put it in the table, therapist acts as interpreter and explains, therapist is “subtle guide”
Four psychodynamic therapy techniques
free association, therapist interpretation, catharsis, working through
Psychodynamic therapy technique that involves talking about whatever comes into head without editing
free association
Psychodynamic therapy technique that involves therapist explaining symbolic meaning of things, making conscious what is in the unconscious, involves resistance, transference, and dream interpretation
therapist interpretation
Unconscious refusal to participate in therapy, comes from unconscious
resistance
Projection of patient’s issues onto the therapist, eg dealing with male therapist in same way as bad father
transference
Therapy technique that involves working out significant issues and reaching resolution, like weight is lifted off chest
catharsis
Therapy technique that involves repeatedly going over a single issue with the goal of increasing clarity with each iteration, used to take years, shorter timelines now
working through
Therapy technique that involves choosing one problem and working on it for a shorter period of time
short-term psychodynamic therapy
Psychodynamic therapy in which therapist becomes entwined in therapy, breaks therapeutic distance, therapist expresses personal beliefs and reactions, all part of therapy
relational psychoanalytic therapy
Goal of behavioral therapy
identify problematic behaviors and replace them with appropriate ones
Role of therapist in behavioral therapy
teacher rather than healer
Classical conditioning treatments may be used to change abnormal reactions to particular stimuli
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION
Three steps to systematic desensitization
(1) progressive muscle relaxation, (2) hierarchy of fears, (3) small steps combining relaxation and moving through hierarchy of fears
Model with emphasis on people as friendly, cooperative, and constructive; focus on drive to self-actualize through honest recognition of strengths and weaknesses
humanistic view
Proponent of client-centered therapy
Rogers
Summary of Rogers’ Humanistic Theory and Therapy
Presents basic human need to receive UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD early in life to develop UNCONDITIONAL SELF-REGARD
Therapy approach in which therapist guides clients toward self-recognition through challenge and frustration
Humanistic Gestalt approach
Developer of Humanistic Gestalt approach
Fritz Perls
Often the first contact between a client and a clinician/assessor; used to collect detailed information especially personal history, about a client
Clinical Interviews
Type of interview in which clinicians ask open-ended questions
UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW
Type of interview in which clinicians ask prepared questions, often from a published interview schedule
STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
Component of a structured interview to determine if someone is oriented to time and pace
mental status exam
Three limitations of clinical interviews
May lack validity or accuracy, May contain interviewer bias or mistakes in judgment, May lack reliability
Tests from psychodynamic theory that require that clients interpret vague or ambiguous stimuli or follow open-ended instruction, eg Rorschach Test, Thematic Apperception Test, Sentence completion test, Drawings
PROJECTIVE TESTS
Projective test in which narrative responses to ambiguous pictures reflect the individuals’ own circumstances, needs, and emotions
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)
A mental process by which a person makes sense of an idea by assimilating it to the body of ideas he already has
apperception
Projective test that is not accurate for diagnosis and a bear to score, involves interpreting inkblots and images
Rorschach Test
Projective test which provides springboard for discussion and a quick and easy way to pinpoint topics to explore
SENTENCE-COMPLETION TEST
Common sentence completion test
Rotter’s Incomplete Sentences
Projective test which provide means for clinician to assess functioning, especially with children
DRAWINGS
Type of drawing test in which you draw a person, person of opposite sex
draw-a-person test
Type of drawing test in which you draw a picture of your family members
Kinetic Family Drawing test
Type of drawing test in which you draw a house, then a tree, then a person
House Tree Person Drawing
Two strengths of projective tests
provided method for personality assessment until 1950s, helpful for providing supplementary information
Two limitations of projective tests
not demonstrated reliability of validity, bias against minority ethnic groups
Type of test that assesses brain function by assessing brain structure and activity
neurological tests
Examples of neurological tests
EEG, CAT, PET, MRI, fMRI
Neurological test that gives most accurate image in real-time
fMRI
PET scan of depressed person shows what
mostly blue with a little yellow
Systematic observations of behavior
clinical observations
Three techniques for clinical observation
Naturalistic, Analog, Self-monitoring
Clinical observation technique that involves observing a person in their natural environment
naturalistic
Clinical observation technique that involves observing a person in a laboratory setting
analog
Strengths of naturalistic and analog observations
much can be learned
Weaknesses of naturalistic and analog observations
reliability and validity
Clinical observation technique that involves a person observing and recording their own behavior
self-monitoring
Strengths of self-monitoring
measuring thoughts and perceptions
Weaknesses of self-monitoring
validity
Book of diagnoses and symptoms, requires clinician to provide categorical, dimensional, and additional information
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
Type of test designed to indirectly measure intellectual ability, verbal and nonverbal skills, score is IQ
intelligence tests
Strengths of intelligence tests
most carefully produced, standardized, reliable and valid
Weaknesses of intelligence tests
performance influenced by non-intelligence factors, cultural and language bias
Popular intelligence based on bell-shaped curve
Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
