2-6 Flashcards
List two key emotions in mood disorders
depression, mania
Low, sad state in which life seems dark and its challenges overwhelming
depression
State of breathless euphoria or frenzied energy
mania
Are mood disorders limited to certain cultures, times, or situations
no
Type of depression that is only depression, no history or mania, normal mood when depression lifts
unipolar depression
Mood disorder in which periods of mania alternate with periods of depression
bipolar disorder
Five main areas of functioning affected by unipolar depression
emotional symptoms (feeling down), motivational symptoms (loss of motivation), behavioral symptoms (isolation, staying in bed), cognitive symptoms (pessimism, hopelessness, helplessness), physical symptoms (headaches, indigestion, constipation, pain, weight gain/loss, fatigue)
DSM dx checklist for depression
5+ symptoms, 2+ weeks, significant distress, impairment
Cognitive symptom of depression that describes loss of hope, “nothing will get better”
hopelessness
Are depression symptoms the same from person to person
no
Type of severe depression that lasts for 2+ weeks
major depressive disorder
DSM code for major depressive disorder
296
Can hallucinations co-occur with MDD
yes
Type of MDD that involves depression that occurs depending on the season of the year, eg Alaska winter
seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder)
Type of depression in which person is immobile or extremely agitated
catatonic depression
Type of depression which can occur during pregnancy, and up to 4 weeks after giving birth
peripartum depression (aka postpartum depression)
Type of depression which is mostly likely to include psychotic features
peripartum depression
Type of depression in which the person is unaffected by anything pleasurable
melancholic depression
Type of unipolar depression in which symptoms have been occurring for 2+ years
persistent depressive disorder
DSM-5 code for persistent depressive disorder
300.4
Chronic low level depression that lasts 2 or more years
persistent depressive disorder
Type of PDD that includes episodes of MDD
persistent depressive disorder with major depressive episodes
Type of PDD that does not include episodes of MDD, but is chronic, low-level symptoms all the time, less severe
Persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome
Type of unipolar depression in which women have depressive symptoms during the week before menstruation
PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER
DSM-5 code for PDD
625.4
Type of unipolar depression that includes low level depression all the time with episodes of temper/rage, begins showing late childhood, early adolescence
DISRUPTIVE MOOD REGULATION DISORDER
DSM-5 code for DMRD
296.99
For PDD diagnosis in which symptoms last 2+ years, symptoms cannot be absent for longer than how many months
2 months
Great number of what can be a trigger for depression
stressful life events
Type of stress based depression that involves clear triggering events
reactive depression
Type of stress based depression that is a more internal, not externally caused, possible genetic or physiological factors
endogenous depression
Four factors in biological treatment for depression
genetic, biochemical, anatomical, immune system
Research findings suggest that unipolar depression has what 4 biochemical factors
serotonin, norepinephrine, cortisol, melatonin
Is there a genetic link with depression
yes
One particular immune factor that may be linked to depression
inflammation
Four brain circuits involved in depression
Prefrontal cortex (low activity and blood flow), Hippocampus (undersized), Amygdala (heightened blood flow and activity), Brodmann Area 25 (low activity)
Three biological treatments for depression
electroconvulsive therapy, drug therapy, brain stimulation
Type of biological treatment for depression in which electrical stimulation causes seizure in brain, controversial, effective in severe depression
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
In the 1950s, two kinds of drugs were found to reduce the symptoms of depression
MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAO INHIBITORS), TRICYCLICS
What type of food ingredient doesn’t match up with MAOIs
tyramine, eg wine, cheese, fermented foods
Type of drug for depression that has a three ring structure, must keep taking or depression relapses
tricyclics
Type of drug for depression eg Prozac, fewer side effects, very popular, must continue to take in order to work
SSRIs
Type of biological treatment for depression that includes vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation
brain stimulation
Biological treatment for depression in which an implanted pulse generator sends electrical signals to the vagus nerve, which then delivers electrical signals to the brain
vagus nerve stimulation
Biological treatment for depression in which electromagnetic coil goes on or above head, stimulating prefrontal cortex, daily 2-4 weeks outpatient
TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION
Biological treatment for depression in which electrodes are implanted in Brodmann Area 25
deep brain stimulation
General overview of behavioral treatment for depression
changing rewards and punishments people receive in their lives
Three types of behavioral treatments for depression
Reintroduce clients to pleasurable activities, appropriately reinforce their depressive and nondepressive behaviors, Help them improve their social skills
Aaron Beck’s behavioral explanation of depression
high correlation between maladaptive attitudes and level of depression, eg “I must be the best”
Depression screening tool developed by Aaron Beck
Beck Depression Inventory
Three Beck ideas linked to depression
cognitive triad, errors in logic, automatic thinking
Beck depression idea that includes three components including the experiences (bad), the person (bad), and the future (none)
cognitive triad
Beck depression idea that includes steady stream of negative chatter in head that is negative
automatic thinking
Beck’s cognitive therapy for depression does what
help clients recognize and change their negative cognitive processes
List 4 phases of Beck’s cognitive therapy for depression
Increasing activities and elevating mood, Challenging automatic thoughts, Identifying negative thinking and biases, Changing primary attitudes
Seligman’s learned helpless cognitive model argues that depression is caused by what (think dogs in box)
people become depressed when they lose control over the reinforcements (rewards and punishments) in their lives and feel responsible for this helpless state, see themselves to blame
Sociocultural perspective on depression treatment, 2 treatments
Interpersonal Therapy, Couples Therapy
Four Interpersonal Therapy problems that lead to depression
Interpersonal loss (death), Interpersonal role dispute (relationship problems), Interpersonal role transition (major life changes), Interpersonal deficits (eg shy)
Research shows what is most effective treatment of depression
cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy
Type of Interpersonal Therapy for depression that deals with couples’ communication
Couple therapy
People in a state of _________ typically experience dramatic and inappropriate rises in mood and activity
mania
Five areas of functioning affected by mania
emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, physical
Symptoms affected by mania described as euphoria, overblown sense of wellbeing, need constant excitement and companionship
emotional symptoms
Symptoms affected by mania described as flamboyant dressing, wanting to get noticed, talking rapidly, risk taking
behavioral symptoms
Symptoms affected by mania described as being distracted, very optimistic, poor judgment
cognitive symptoms
Symptoms affected by mania described as need constant excitement and companionship
motivational symptoms
Symptoms affected by mania described as feeling very energetic, little sleep
physical symptoms
Manic episode dx checklist
(1) 1+ weeks, (2) 3+ of grandiosity, reduced sleep, talkativeness, shifting ideas, inattention, heightened activity, risk taking, (3) significant distress or impairment
DSM -5 code for bipolar I disorder
296.4
DSM-5 code for bipolar II disorder
296.5
Disorder described as full manic episode, with major depressive episode either before or after the manic episode
Bipolar I Disorder
Key difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II
Bipolar I is full blown mania, Bipolar II is hypomania, both have major depression on either end
Episode described as less intense version of mania
hypomanic episode
Disorder that includes hypomania and mild depression with period of normalcy between the ups and downs
cyclothymic disorder
DSM-5 code for cyclothymia
301.13
Feature of bipolar disorder that describes four or more episodes of major depression and mania episodes within a year
rapid cycling
Goal of treatment of bipolar
mood stabilization
Research indicate cause of bipolar comes from what sources
Neurotransmitters (+norepinephrine, -serotonin), lon activity, Brain structure, Genetic factors
Which neurotransmitter takes lead in determining if you have bipolar I, II, or cyclothymia
norepinephrine
Theory of cause of bipolar related to irregular ion activity in axons
ion activity
Theory of cause of bipolar describing structures in brain, eg basal ganglia, amygdala, prefrontal cortex
brain structure
Theory of cause of bipolar disorder involving inheritable traits
genetic factors
Treatments for bipolar disorder for much of the 20th century
Psychotherapists reported almost no success, antidepressants no help ad triggered manic episodes
In 1970, _________ was approved for treatment of bipolar disorder, must be taken at near toxic levels to work, requires frequent blood draws
lithium
Researchers (do/do not) fully understand why lithium works
do not
Other class of medications that have shown some effectiveness in treating bipolar
anti-seizure medications
Third class of drugs possibly taken as a cocktail that have shown some effectiveness for bipolar
atypical antipsychotics
Possible neurotransmitter explaining why atypical antipsychotics work in treating bipolar disorder
serotonin
Another possible explanation other than serotonin for why atypical antipsychotics work in treating bipolar
increase in neuroprotective proteins
Another approach that focuses on medication management, social skills, and relationship issues in addition to drug therapy for cotreating bipolar
adjunctive therapy
