1-1 Flashcards
Scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change patters of functioning
abnormal psychology
Four Ds of abnormal psychology
deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
Behavior that veers from socially acceptable behavior in our culture, will vary from culture to culture
deviance
Worry about one’s own self, scaring oneself
distress
Describes behavior that gets in the way of you carrying our your daily activities and responsibilities
dysfunction
Describes behavior that creates a risk to yourself or others
danger
Quirky behavior does not necessarily equal what
abnormality
People who deviate from common behavior patterns or display odd or whimsical behavior, nonconformists, extreme interests, etc.
eccentrics
Who selects criteria for defining abnormality and uses criteria to judge particular cases
society
Author who found the concept of mental illness to be invalid, a myth, wrote book “The Myth of Mental Illness”
Thomas Szasz
Thomas Szasz primary argument
societies invent mental illness to control people
Procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior
treatment or therapy
Famous humanist who gave us client-centered therapy, argued that there is no agreement for therapy or successful outcome
Carl Rogers
Famous author that says therapy has three important features
Jerome Frank
Jerome Frank’s three features of therapy
(1) someone is suffering who seeks relief, (2) trained socially acceptable healer, (3) series of contacts between sufferer and healer to feel better
Ancient societies regarded abnormal behavior as the work of what
evil spirits
Treatment for abnormal behavior focused on getting evil spirits out of the body through what procedures
trephination and exorcism
Philosopher who through that illnesses came from natural causes
Hippocrates
Hippocrates approach to mental illnesses
abnormal behavior caused by imbalance in the four humors (fluids), healing caused by balancing humors
Church in the Middle Ages had what view of mental illness
caused by demonology
During the Renaissance, demonology on decline and what took its place
rise of mental illness as similar to bodily illness
Father of modern study of psychopathology, believed biological reasons caused mental illness
Johann Weyer
Religious places where people with mental illnesses were treated with loving care
shrines
Famous shrine in Belgium that devoted itself to community mental health
Gheel
Term for mental hospitals during the Renaissance, similar to prisons
asylums
Type of bed in an asylum that caged patient to the bed
crib
Individual in France who protested treatment of the mentally ill, took locks off asylum in Paris
Pinel
Famous advocate for mentall ill in England
Tuke
Father of American Psychiatry, part of the moral treatment movement in the 1800s
Benjamin Rush
Boston schoolteacher who advocated for more humane treatment for the mentally ill and called for creation of state hospitals
Dorothea Dix
Example of immoral outcome to biological approaches under the somatogenic perspective
eugenics
Philosopher who advocated for somatogenic perspective
Emil Kraeplin
Elimination through medical or other means of an individuals ability to reproduce
Eugenics
Example of new medications resulting from biological approach
psychotropic medications
Early 20th century perspective that abnormal functioning has physical causes
somatogenic perspective
Early 20th century perspective that abnormal functioning has psychological causes
psychogenic perspective
Two factors were responsible for the rebirth of somatogenic perspective
(1) Argument that physical factors (such as fatigue) are responsible for mental dysfunction, (2) New biological discoveries
Two primary approaches of the psychogenic perspective
hypnotism, psychoanalysis
Trance-like state where the person becomes highly suggestable, goes back to Fredrick Mesmer, capable of creating false memories and uncovering repressed memories
Hypnotism
Physician who would work with hysteria, no clear physical basis for ailment
Breuer
Psychogenic perspective that holds that many forms of abnormal and normal psychological function are psychogenic
psychoanalysis
Primary proponent of psychoanalysis, proponent of outpatient therapy
Freud
When did hospitalizations for mental illnesses peak and why
About 1955 because new antipsychotic, antidepressant, and antianxiety drugs were discovered
Centers that allow for follow up to inpatient mental health treatment and provide outpatient therapy
community mental health centers
Most preferred way to treat mental illnesses since the 1950s
psychotherapy through outpatient care
How many adults in the US receive treatment for psychological disorders in the course of a year, and how many sessions
1 in 6, fewer and 5 sessions
Movement that advocates for correcting social conditions that underlie mental health problems and help individuals at risk for developing disorders
prevention movement
Prevention movement is tied to what
positive psychology
Study of the enhancement of positive feeling, traits, and abilities
positive psychology
Psychological approach where practitioners teach people coping skills, stress protection, meaningful activities, and enriching relationships
positive psychology
Seven theoretical perspectives
Psychoanalytic, Biological, Behavioral, Cognitive, Humanistic-existential, Sociocultural, Evolutionary
Current most popular theoretical perspective
cognitive perspective
Mental health practitioner who is a medical doctor specializing in medical disorders who can prescribe medications
psychiatrist
Type of practitioner who are seeking to discover universal laws about abnormal behavior and psychological functioning, nomothetic understanding
clinical researchers
Relating to the study or discovery of general scientific laws
nomothetic
Three ways to do research
descriptive (case study), correlational, experimental
Provides a detailed, interpretative description of a person’s life and psychological problems, may be biased
case study (descriptive research)
Research looking for a relationship between variables, uses statistical analysis of probability, cannot establish cause and effect
correlational method
Type of correlation study that Reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
Largest epidemiological study
Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study
Number of new cases of disorder in a period of time
incidence
Total number of cases in a period of time
prevalence
Type of correlation study that Involve observation of same individuals on many occasions over a long period
longitudinal studies
Correlational studies of many pairs of identical twins
twin studies
Correlational studies of many pairs of twins have suggested a link between what
genetic factors and certain psychological disorders
Only research method where we can discover cause and effect, independent variable is manipulated and effect on dependent variable is observed
experimental method
A P-value above what means the results are not significant
above P=0.05
Three features to guard against confounds in experiments
control group; Random assignment; Bias, blind, and double-blind design
Experimental design using groups that already exist, eg abused children
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
Experiments where nature creates the events, eg PTSD and earthquakes
natural experiments
Experiments that cannot be done on humans ethically, eg learned helplessness, Seligman dogs being shocked, panel with hole in it
analogue experiment
Experiments with only one person, measuring before and after manipulation
single subject experiments
Experiments called ABAB design where baseline is taken, then manipulation, then measure, then remove manipulation, then measure, then reintroduce manipulation, then measure, eg behaving children and rewards
reversal design
Researchers’ primary obligation is to avoid what
physically or psychologically harming the human participants in their studies
An ethics committee in a research facility that is empowered to protect the rights and safety of human research participants
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB)
