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2-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

body’s response to a serious threat to one’s well-being, eg bear in woods

A

fear

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2
Q

body’s response to a vague sense of being in danger

A

ANXIETY

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3
Q

How are fear and anxiety alike

A

same physiological features, increase respiration, perspiration, muscle tension, and others

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4
Q

Most common mental disorder in US, 29% of adults experience one of the ________ disorders at some point in their lives

A

anxiety

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5
Q

How many people with an anxiety disorder get treatment

A

1/5th

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6
Q

Most individuals with one anxiety disorder also suffer from

A

a second one

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7
Q

DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders

A

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), Specific phobias, Agoraphobia, Social anxiety disorder, Panic disorder

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8
Q

Anxiety also plays a major role in what groups of problems

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders

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9
Q

Disorder that is common in Western society, DSM code 300.02, usually appears in childhood, more women than men, about a quarter get treatment

A

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

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10
Q

Three dx factors for GAD

A

Symptoms 6+ months; Include three+ of edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritabiIity, muscle tension, sleep problems; Significant distress or impairment “white-knuckle” through life

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11
Q

Term for unable to pinpoint source of anxiety, so source jumps from topic to topic

A

Free floating anxiety

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12
Q

Sociocultural perspective about GAD, most likely to develop in people facing what

A

dangerous societal conditions, live in poverty, discrimination, low income, no opportunities

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13
Q

Most people living in dangerous environments do/do not develop GAD

A

do not develop GAD

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14
Q

Freud perspective on GAD

A

when parents prevent children from expressing Id impulses, sets state for GAD

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15
Q

Modern psychodynamic perspective on GAD

A

disagree with Freudian specifics, but more general problems with parent-child relationship

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16
Q

Psychodynamic therapies for GAD

A

free association, transference, resistance, and dreams

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17
Q

Psychodynamic object-relations theorist treatment approach to GAD

A

identify and settle early relationship problems

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18
Q

Freudians focus less on fear and more on what for treatment of GAD

A

control of id

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19
Q

Humanistic theorists propose that GAD

A

Arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly

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20
Q

Humanistic Client-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers) view on GAD

A

client not giving themselves unconditional positive regard, threatening self-judgments cause anxiety

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21
Q

Humanistic Client-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers) treatment for GAD

A

learning to love yourself again, give yourself positive regard

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22
Q

Cognitive perspective on GAD (Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck)

A

maladaptive assumptions particularly about dangerousness, dysfunction ways of thinking cause excessive worry

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23
Q

Albert Ellis developed what type of therapy

A

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

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24
Q

Albert Ellis perspective on GAD

A

maladaptive assumptions centered on “must” language, eg must have the best, highest, most “musterbation”

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25
Q

Aaron Beck perspective on GAD maladaptive assumptions

A

silent assumptions, not necessarily aware of them

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26
Q

Research supports that people with GAD hold MALADAPTIVE ASSUMPTIONS particularly about

A

dangerousness, assume situation is unsafe until proven otherwise “always best to assume the worst”

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27
Q

Biological theorists believe that GAD is caused primarily by

A

biological factors

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28
Q

What type of research supports biological factors and GAD

A

PEDIGREE STUDIES

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29
Q

Explain GABA and anxiety

A

GABA is interrupted causing anxiety

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30
Q

Type and affect of medication used for GAD

A

benzodiazepine, enhances GABA

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31
Q

Structures in the brain that produce anxiety disorders like GAD

A

amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex

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32
Q

Biological treatment for GAD involving barbiturates, benzodiazepines, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications

A

drug therapy

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33
Q

Drug of choice for GAD in the early 1950s

A

sedative-hypnotic drugs (barbiturates)

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34
Q

Drug of choice for GAD after the 1950s, less dangerous than barbiturates

A

benzodiazepines

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35
Q

More recent classes of drugs for treatment of GAD

A

antidepressant and antipsychotics

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36
Q

Alternative biological treatment for GAD that does not use drugs

A

relaxation training

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37
Q

Theory of why relaxation training for GAD works

A

physical relaxation will lead to psychological relaxation

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38
Q

Relaxation training is often paired with what other technique

A

systematic desensitization (fear hierarchy)

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39
Q

Relaxation training for GAD is best used in combination with what other two approaches

A

cognitive therapy and biofeedback

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40
Q

Persistent and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities, or situations

A

phobias

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41
Q

Phobias often involve avoidance of what

A

object or thoughts about it

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42
Q

DSM-5 term for category label for an intense and persistent fear of a specific object of situation

A

specific phobias

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43
Q

DSM-5 code for phobias

A

300.29

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44
Q

DSM-5 term for broader kind of phobia

A

agoraphobia

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45
Q

Most common specific phobias

A

specific animals or insects, heights, thunderstorms, and blood

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46
Q

Impact of specific phobias

A

Dependent on what arouses the fear, Most people do not seek treatment

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47
Q

Prevalence of phobias

A

12% of people develop phobias during their lives, women > men

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48
Q

DSM-5 code for agoraphobia

A

300.22

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49
Q

Many people with agoraphobia avoid what

A

crowded places, driving, and public transportation

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50
Q

Many people with agoraphobia are prone to what secondary problem

A

panic attacks

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51
Q

Many people with agoraphobia may receive a second diagnosis of

A

panic disorder

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52
Q

Five dx factors for agoraphobia

A

(1) pronounced, disproportionate, repeated fear of at least two—public transportation, parking lots, away from home, crowded places, (2) fear of being unable to escape or get help, avoidance of situation, symptoms 6+ mos, (5) significant distress or impairment

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53
Q

Various models offer explanations for phobias, but evidence tends to support what

A

the behavioral explanations

54
Q

Phobias develop through what three ways

A

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, MODELING, STIMULUS GENERALIZATION

55
Q

What is used when baby Albert is afraid of white rates because they were paired with a loud clanging noise

A

classical conditioning

56
Q

What is used when baby Albert is Afraid of all fuzzy things because he is afraid of the white rat

A

stimulus generalization

57
Q

What is used when we see someone else afraid of snakes and we become afraid of snakes

A

modelling

58
Q

Term for predisposition to certain phobias because of evolution and staying safe

A

preparedness

59
Q

Name of perspective that describes preparedness because human beings are theoretically more “prepared” to acquire some phobias than others

A

Behavioral-evolutionary perspective

60
Q

Behavioral-evolutionary perspective explains what

A

why some phobias are more common than others

61
Q

What treatment model is most widely used for phobias

A

behavioral approach

62
Q

Two classes of treatments for phobias

A

exposure treatments and others

63
Q

Two types of exposure treatments for phobias

A

systematic desensitization, in vivo desensitization

64
Q

Exposure treatment that involves combining relaxation training and exposure to fears

A

systematic desensitization

65
Q

Therapist that promoted systematic desensitization

A

Joseph Wolpe

66
Q

Exposure treatment that involves client in safe place, mimicking fear (eg climb on chair for fear of heights), and rescuing client

A

in vivo desensitization

67
Q

Two other treatments for phobias

A

flooding, modeling

68
Q

Phobia treatment that involves repeatedly exposing client to fear until client realizes that there is nothing to fear

A

flooding

69
Q

Phobia treatment in which therapist performs what client fears and client observes that there is nothing to fear

A

modeling

70
Q

Clinical research supports that the key to success for treating phobia with exposure therapies is what

A

actual contact with the feared object or situation

71
Q

A growing number of therapists are using what as a useful exposure tool

A

virtual reality

72
Q

_________ is the most common and effective treatment for agoraphobia

A

EXPOSURE APPROACH

73
Q

Treatment impacts for agoraphobia

A

60-80% of clients with agoraphobia have some success, improvements often partial

74
Q

Severe, persistent, and irrational anxiety about social or performance situations in which scrutiny by others and embarrassment may occur

A

Social Anxiety Disorder

75
Q

DSM-5 code for Social Anxiety Disorder

A

300.23

76
Q

Three forms of Social Anxiety Disorder

A

narrow, broad, both forms

77
Q

Five dx factor checklist

A

(1) pronounced, repeated, disproportionate, 6+ mos, (2) Fear of being negatively evaluated or offensive, (3) anxiety from exposure to social situation, (4) avoidance of feared situations, (5) Significant distress or impairment

78
Q

Type of SAD in which folks will judge themselves too harshly

A

both narrow and broad forms

79
Q

Type of SAD in which client is afraid of talking, performing, eating, or writing in public

A

narrow SAD

80
Q

Type of SAD in which client has general fear of functioning inadequately in front of others

A

broad SAD

81
Q

Leading theoretical approach for SAD

A

cognitive approach

82
Q

Summary of cognitive approach to SAD

A

People with this disorder hold a group of social beliefs and expectations that consistently work against them, eg unrealistic social standards, they’re unattractive, inept, not control over feelings etc

83
Q

Three ways to reduce social fears in SAD

A

medication, psychotherapy, cognitive therapies

84
Q

Class of medication for SAD

A

antidepressants

85
Q

Type of psychotherapy used for SAD

A

exposure therapy

86
Q

Two ways to improve social skills in SAD

A

assertiveness training, other behavioral techniques

87
Q

Disorder in which attacks feature at least four of the following symptoms

A

Palpitations of the heart, Tingling in the hands or feet, Shortness of breath, Sweating, Hot and cold flashes, trembling, Chest pains, Choking sensations, Faintness, fear of dying

88
Q

DSM-5 code for panic disorder

A

300.01

89
Q

Panic Disorder two factors dx checklist

A

(1) Unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly, (2) One or more of (a) At least a month of continual concern about having additional attacks, (b) At least a month of dysfunctional behavior changes associated with the attacks

90
Q

Panic disorder characteristics

A

same across cultures/races, late adulthood, 2x more women than men, 50% higher in poor, often accompanied by agoraphobia

91
Q

Heart problem that may mimic symptoms of panic disorder

A

mitral valve prolapse

92
Q

Biological perspective on panic disorder

A

abnormal amounts of norepinephrine in brain

93
Q

Animal research reveals panic reactions may be related to increases in norepinephrine activity in the __________

A

LOCUS CERULEUS

94
Q

Results from twin study research into panic disorder suggests what

A

predisposition is inherited

95
Q

Newer biological research for panic disorder suggests what brain structure as the root of the problem

A

amygdala

96
Q

Does new research suggest one structure or neurotransmitter for panic attacks

A

no, more complicated than single neurotransmitter or structure

97
Q

New research for panic disorder suggests oversensitivity what nervous system is related to panic disorder

A

sympathetic nervous system

98
Q

Preferred drug therapy for treating panic disorder

A

antidepressants, esp SSRIs

99
Q

Where do antidepressants work in the NS to alleviate panic disorder

A

norepinephrine receptors in the brain

100
Q

Another less desirable, addictive drug for panic disorder

A

benzodiazepines

101
Q

Cognitive approach to treating panic disorder

A

high degree of anxiety sensitivity, interpret anxiety sensations illogically that danger is all around

102
Q

Cognitive treatment for panic disorder, produce hyperventilation or other biological sensations

A

BIOLOGICAL CHALLENGE TESTS

103
Q

Cognitive therapy number one goal

A

Tries to correct people’s misinterpretations of their bodily sensations (Clark, Beck, et al.)

104
Q

Secondary goal of cognitive therapy for panic disorder

A

cognitive restructuring

105
Q

Cognitive therapy process of learning to identify and dispute irrational or maladaptive thoughts

A

Cognitive restructuring

106
Q

Best therapy approach for panic disorder

A

combination therapy, eg cognitive and drug

107
Q

Disorder made up of obsessions and compulsions

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder

108
Q

DSM-5 code for OCD

A

300.3

109
Q

Persistent thoughts that are intrusive and anxiety provoking

A

obsessions

110
Q

Most common theme of obsessions

A

dirt/contamination, aggression/violence, orderliness, religion, sexuality

111
Q

Repetitive, rigid, yet voluntary behaviors performed persistently that temporarily relieve anxiety provoked by obsessions

A

Compulsions

112
Q

Over time compulsive behaviors develops how

A

become ritualistic and develop common themes, eg performed in a certain order, organized a certain way, touch certain number of times, counting certain number of actions

113
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder 3 factor dx checklist

A

(1) occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions, both, that (2) take up considerable time, and (3) significant distress or impairment

114
Q

Is OCD equally common in men or women?

A

both

115
Q

Behaviorists explanation of OCD

A

Concentrate on explaining and treating compulsions rather than obsessions

116
Q

Behaviorist psychologist who argues that OCD compulsions appear to be rewarded by an eventual decrease in anxiety

A

Stanley Rachman

117
Q

Behavioral therapy for OCD

A

exposure and response prevention therapy

118
Q

Therapy that exposes client to obsessions and prevents client from engaging in compulsion, can be performed in individual, group, and self-help settings

A

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)

119
Q

Cognitive perspective on OCD

A

everyone has intrusive thoughts, OCDers blame themselves, try to neutralize thoughts with compulsive behaviors

120
Q

Cognitive response to criticism that theory is too broad

A

OCDers have high standards of morality and conduct, believe thoughts are equal to actions, believe they can have perfect control over thoughts and behaviors

121
Q

Cognitive therapy for OCD includes what

A

psychoeducation, identify, challenge, and change distorted thinking

122
Q

Biological perspective on OCD, two lines of research show what two biological factors

A

abnormal serotonin activity, abnormal activity in orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei

123
Q

Brain structures involves in OCD

A

orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, thalamus, amygdala, cingulate cortex

124
Q

Biological therapies for OCD

A

serotonin-based therapies (50-80% improvement), relapse with cessation

125
Q

Research suggests what therapy approaches for OCD are best

A

combination of medication and cognitive therapy

126
Q

Four subcategories of OCD

A

hoarding, trichotillomania, excoriation, body dysmorphic disorder

127
Q

Disorder in which individuals feel compelled to save items

A

hoarding disorder

128
Q

Disorder in which people repeatedly pull out hair from scalp, eyebrows, or other parts of the body

A

trichotillomania

129
Q

Disorder in which people repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in wounds or sores

A

excoriation disorder

130
Q

Disorder in which individuals believe that they have certain defects of flaws in their physical appearance

A

body dysmorphic disorder

Abnormal Psychology (13 decks)

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