4-14 Flashcards
A difficult life phase, 20% have diagnosable psychological disorder, bullying biggest problem, peer pressure for sex and alcohol, all cultures experience emotional and behavioral problems
adolescence
Are parent’s aware of their children’s stress
no, parents are not picking up on their children’s worries
General worries, school performance, family finances, getting into college, physical appearance
top worries of children and adolescents
_______ is a normal and common part of childhood
anxiety
For some children, anxieties become longlasting and overwhelming; they may be suffering from an__________
anxiety disorder
Although some of these disorders are similar to their adult counterparts, more often they ______from that of adult anxiety disorders
differ
Limited life experiences, awareness of parent’s problems, genetic reasons
reasons for childhood anxiety
Childhood anxiety disorders are dominated by what two types of symptoms
behavioral and somatic symptom
Symptoms that include stomachache, headache, queasiness
somatic complaints
A particular concern among children and adolescents is that of________
being bullied
Bathroom, hall, playground, cafeteria, school grounds
2/3rds of bullying happens here
What percent happens in the classroom while the teacher is there
1/3
Childhood anxiety disorder that begins as early as preschool, children do not want to be separated from parents of caregivers
Separation Anxiety Disorder
If Separation Anxiety Disorder is not dealt with, it may morph into what form in which child is afraid of going to school and may stay home for a long period of time
School Phobia or School Refusal
Dx 4+ weeks, fear of anxiety about separation, 3+ of separation upset, loss concern, fear of separation, resistance to leaving home/being alone, resistance to sleepaways, separation nightmares, physical symptoms
Dx of Separation Anxiety Disorder
Therapy technique for Childhood Anxiety Disorder that helps kids deal with anxieties through play, often relaxes the child
play therapy
What type of therapists use play therapy as part of treating Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Psychodynamic
What type of therapy for Childhood Anxiety Disorder is only used as a last resort
drug therapy
In the past, some people didn’t think children got ______ because they were not able to process ______ feelings
depressed
Disorder in children that may be triggered by major life events such as parent’s divorce, moving, rejection
major depressive disorder
Clinical depression is more common in what age group, suicidal thoughts and attempts are more common
adolescents
Before age 13, gender difference in depression
no difference
Between 13-16, gender difference in depression
girls 2x
Headaches, stomach pain, irritability, losing interest in toys and games
symptoms of depression in children
Treatment of adults for depression is/isnot as effective with children and adolescents
not as effective
The NIMH TADS study concludes that what type of therapy is less effective in teens than in adults
cognitive-behavioral therapy
What type of treatment may be highly dangerous for some depressed children and adolescents
antidepressant drugs
Since the mid-1990s, clinical theorists recognized that many children display _______ disorder
bipolar
Causes of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents are debated as what vs what
Increase in prevalence or new diagnostic trend
Related to bipolar in children, children display ______ in term of aggression and rage
mania
Childhood version of bipolar disorder, for children with severe patterns of rage, rectifies over-diagnosis and over-medication of children
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
Childhood disorder characterized by extreme hostility and defiance, argumentative and defiant, angry and irritable, and, in some cases, vindictive
OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER
For ODD, more boys than girls?
before puberty boys+, after puberty equal
Difference between ADHD and ODD
ADHD children are sweet
Childhood disorder characterized as a severe problem; children repeatedly violate the basic rights of others
CONDUCT DISORDER
Dx 6+ mos, repeatedly violates rights of other or social norms, 3+ of bullying, threatening, fighting, weapons use, cruelty to animals/people, stealing, forced sex, fire-setting, destroying property, burglary, lying, breaking curfew, truancy
Conduct Disorder
Genetics, drugs and alcohol, living in poverty, trauma exposure, exposure to violence and violent peers, troubled relationships
Causes of Conduct Disorder in children
Sociocultural treatment, family interventions, for conduct disorder
parent-child interaction, video modeling, parent management training
Type of family intervention for conduct disorder in which correct behavior is modeled for parents and children
parent-child interaction
Parent-child interaction family intervention training conducted via video
video modelling
Family intervention in which parents are given parental training
parent management
Residential treatment, sociocultural, in community and programs at school
treatment in foster care
Sociocultural treatment in which juveniles are sent to juvenile training centers, typically by order of a judge
institutionalization
Conduct disorder cognitive behavioral treatment approach in which child is taught problem solving skills, anger coping and coping power, stimulant drug therapy
child-focused treatments
Conduct disorder cognitive behavioral treatment approach in which child is taught ways to resolve problems
problem solving skills training
Conduct disorder cognitive behavioral treatment approach in which children are taught emotional control, aggression control, social skills training
Anger Coping and Coping Power Program
Conduct disorder cognitive behavioral treatment approach in which children are given drugs
stimulant drug therapy
Conduct disorder cognitive behavioral treatment approach in which children are given mentorship, recreation, job training,basic healthcare eg big brother program
early intervention programs
Children with ______ repeatedly urinate or pass feces in their clothes, in bed, or on the floor, symptoms not caused by physical illnesses or medications
elimination disorders
Elimination disorder characterized by repeated involuntary or intentional bedwetting or wetting of one’s clothes
Enuresis
Typically occurs at night during sleep but may also occur during the day, May be triggered by a stressful event, Must be at least 5 years of age
Enuresis
Elimination disorder that decreases with age, Often involves a close relative with same problem, Corrects without treatment in most cases
Enuresis
_______ explain Enuresis as a symptom of broader anxiety and underlying conflicts
Psychodynamic theorists
_______ explain Enuresis as a symptom of disturbed family interactions
Family theorists
_______ often view Enuresis as the result of improper, unrealistic, or coercive toilet training
Behaviorists
_____ explain Enuresis as a symptom of a small bladder capacity or weak bladder muscles
Biological theorists
Elimination disorder characterized by repeatedly defecating in one’s clothing; less common than enuresis and less well researched
Encopresis
Elimination disorder that is usually involuntary, Seldom occurs during sleep, Starts after the age of 4, more common in boys than girls, causes intense social problems, shame, and embarrassment
Encopresis
Elimination disorder caused by stress, constipation, improper toilet training, doesn’t understand or respond to bodily cues, or a combination
Encopresis
Treatments for ______ elimination disorder include behavioral and medical approaches, or combinations of the two; family therapy
Encopresis
Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by great difficulty attending to tasks, behaving overactively and impulsively, or both
ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)
About _____ the children with ADHD also have learning or communication problems
half
Neurodevelopmental disorder that usually persists through childhood, but many children show a lessening of symptoms as they move into mid-adolescence, mostly boys
ADHD
Dx 6+ mos at least 6 of maladaptive attention, unable to attend to details, hard to maintain attention, fails to listen, fails to carry out instructions, disorganized, dislikes mental work, loses items, easily distracted, forgets to do everyday activities; 6+ mos at least 6 of hyperactivity, impulsivity, fidgety, waders, runs or climbs, unable to play quietly, constant motion, talks excessively, interrupts, doesn’t wait for turn, barges in; before age 12, more than 1 setting, impaired functioning
ADHD
Theorists that explain ADHD by abnormal dopamine and norepinephrine activity, abnormalities in frontal-striatal regions of the brain, neural pathways connecting frontal lobe with basal ganglia
Biological theorist
Theorists that explain ADHD by suggesting that ADHD symptoms and a diagnosis of ADHD may themselves create interpersonal problems and produce additional symptoms in the child
Sociocultural theorists
Heated disagreement over treatment, but about ___ percent of all children and adolescents with ADHD receive treatment
80 percent
Drug therapy (Ritalin), behavioral therapy, combination, Diagnostic interviews, rating scales, and psychological test
Most commonly applied ADHD treatments
Educational programs use behavioral principles that clearly spell out targeted behaviors and program rewards and systematically reinforce appropriate behaviors, helpful for for children with ADHD
Behavioral Intervention
Characterized by lack of responsiveness and social reciprocity, communication problems, wide range of highly rigid and repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities, mostly boys, symptoms before age 3
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Individuals with _______ may also exhibit unusual, rigid, and repetitive motor movements or self-stimulatory or self-injurious behaviors, and hyperreactivity or hyporeactivity
autism
Symptom of spinning out” when there is a lot of stimulation
hyperreactivity
Symptom of self-stimulating if there is not enough stimulation
hyporeactivity
Symptom of inability to tolerate even the smallest changes
Preservation of sameness
Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder explained by family dysfunction and social stress
Sociocultural causes
Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder explained by central perceptual or cognitive disturbance or limitations, no theory of mind, “mind-blindness”
Psychological causes
Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder explained by brain abnormalities, genetics, prenatal or birth complications, specific biological abnormalities, no proven vaccine link
Biological causes
Doctor who identified autism and when
Leo Canner, 1943
Symptom in which person repeats back exactly what you say
echolalia
Symptom that involves confusion of pronouns
pronomial reversal
Term for not having theory of mind
mind-blindness
Treatment for autism that is most helpful when begun young, and involves both parents
cognitive-behavioral therapy
Treatment for autism that involves teaching children ways to communicate eg sign language
communication training
Treatment for autism that involves training parents to interact with autistic child
parent training
Treatment for autism that involves community programs and teaching older autistic folks self-help skills
community integration
Treatment for autism that involves drugs, vitamins eg large doses of vitamin C, B6, essential fatty acids, magnesium
drug therapy
