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Abnormal Psychology > 1-2 > Flashcards

1-2 Flashcards

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1
Q

In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as

A

MODELS or PARADIGMS

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2
Q

Until recently, a model was greatly influenced by cultural beliefs, Freud, called what

A

SINGLE MODEL OF ABNORMALITY

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3
Q

Model that adopts a medical perspective, typically points to problems in brain anatomy or brain chemistry

A

Biological Model

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4
Q

Chemicals that are released at synapses that carry messages between nerves, abnormal activity can cause mental disorders

A

Neurotransmitters

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5
Q

Mental disorders are sometimes related to abnormal chemical activity where

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (glands, hormones)

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6
Q

Three sources of biological abnormalities

A

Genetics, Evolution, Viral infections

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7
Q

Source of biological abnormalities that plays a part in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders

A

GENETIC INHERITANCE

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8
Q

Source of biological abnormalities that argue that human reactions and the responsible genes survived over time because they help individuals thrive and adapt

A

evolution

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9
Q

Most criticized and controversial model of biological abnormalities that receives a lot of attention

A

evolution

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10
Q

Summarize evolutionary approach to biological abnormalities

A

human reactions and genes are not adapted to modern life, eg anxiety disorders

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11
Q

Model that exposure to _____ contribute to abnormal behavior through biochemical dysfunction in the brain, may be exposed in childhood, may be dormant

A

viral infections

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12
Q

Attempt to pinpoint the physical source of dysfunction to determine the course of treatment

A

BIOLOGICAL PRACTITIONERS

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13
Q

Three types of biological treatment

A

drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery

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14
Q

Therapy for psychotropic medications in 1950s improved outlook for a number of mental disorders

A

DRUG THERAPY

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15
Q

Four major psychotropic drug groups

A

Antianxiety drugs (anxiolytics, minor tranquilizers), Antidepressant drugs, Antibipolar drugs (mood stabilizers), Antipsychotic drugs

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16
Q

Type of psychotropic drug that acts on neurotransmitters, most popular is benzodiazepines

A

Antianxiety drugs

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17
Q

Most popular anxiolytic, fast acting, drowsy, loss of coordination, addictive

A

benzodiazepines

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18
Q

Drug that is not a benzodiazepine , not addictive, for long term treatment of anxiety

A

buspar

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19
Q

Four benzodiazepines prescribed for anxiety

A

Valium, Xanax, Ativan, Klonopin

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20
Q

Neurotransmitter often involved in anxiety

A

GABA

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21
Q

Class of drugs that act to lift mood

A

antidepressants

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22
Q

Three types of antidepressants

A

Tricyclics, MAOIs, SSRIs

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23
Q

Drugs that boost norepinephrine and serotonin

A

tricyclics

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24
Q

Two examples of tricyclics

A

Elavil and tofranil

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25
Q

Antidepressants that block enzyme that breaks form norepinephrine and serotonin, react with foods and other drugs, prescribed when other antidepressants have failed

A

MAOIs

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26
Q

Type of antidepressant that prevent the reuptake of serotonin at the synapse, fewer side effects, take about 6 weeks to become effective

A

SSRIs

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27
Q

Example of SSRIs

A

Prozac, Paxil, Effexor

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28
Q

Class of antipsychotics that stabilize moods

A

antibipolar drugs

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29
Q

Examples of antibipolar drug, must be taken at near toxic levels to work

A

lithium

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30
Q

Drugs that treat psychosis, disconnection from reality

A

Antipsychotic drugs

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31
Q

First generation class of antipsychotic drugs, block dopamine in the brain

A

neuroleptics

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32
Q

Name of common neuroleptic

A

Haldol

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33
Q

Side effects to neuroleptics

A

dysphoria (lack of pleasure)

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34
Q

Umbrella term for symptoms that involve movement, dystonia, akathesia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia

A

Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)

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35
Q

Internal restlessness, often a side effect

A

akathesia

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36
Q

Side effects/symptoms involving head, usually irreversible, repetitive, jerking movements, eg licking lips or smacking all the time

A

tardive dyskinesia

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37
Q

Drug taken to minimize side effects of psychotropic medications

A

Cogentin

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38
Q

Newer antipsychotics, unsure of long term side effects

A

Atypical antipsychotics

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39
Q

Combination of schizophrenia and a mood disorder

A

Schizoaffective disorder

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40
Q

Biological treatment involving use of electrical current to induce grand mal seizure

A

ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)

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41
Q

Biological treatment used primarily for depression, particularly when drugs and other therapies have failed, side effects are memory loss and broken bones

A

ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)

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42
Q

Biological treatment that is used when all other treatments are exhausted, historical roots in trephination or lobotomy

A

PSYCHOSURGERY (OR NEUROSURGERY)

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43
Q

Form of psychosurgery used to treat obsessive compulsive disorder

A

Cingulotomy

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44
Q

Psychological philosophy that argues that normal or abnormal behavior is determined largely by conflict among underlying, unconscious, dynamic interacting psychological forces, id, ego, superego

A

psychodynamic model

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45
Q

Main proponent of the psychodynamic model

A

Sigmund Freud

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46
Q

Unconscious force Guided by the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE

A

Id

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47
Q

Unconscious force Guided by the REALITY PRINCIPLE and uses DEFENSE MECHANISMS

A

Ego

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48
Q

Unconscious force Guided by the MORALITY PRINCIPLE

A

SUPEREGO

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49
Q

Conflict among the Id, ego, superego results in _______ that is the basis for all disorders

A

anxiety

50
Q

Seven Ego defense mechanisms

A

Repression, Denial, Projection, Rationalization, Displacement, Intellectualization, Regression

51
Q

Main, “granddaddy” of all defense mechanisms

A

repression

52
Q

Defense mechanism where Person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious

A

Repression

53
Q

Defense mechanism where Person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety

A

Denial

54
Q

Defense mechanism where person attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other individuals

A

projection

55
Q

Defense mechanism where person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives

A

rationalization

56
Q

Defense mechanism where Person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute

A

Displacement

57
Q

Defense mechanism where Person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a problem

A

Intellectualization

58
Q

Defense mechanism where Person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage al which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly

A

Regression

59
Q

Theory that states that children move through stages such as oral, anal, and other stages named for body parts, fixation can occur if stage is not resolved, parents are key figures at each stage, basic motivation is libido

A

psychosexual development stages

60
Q

New psychodynamic theorists who emphasize the role of the ego; consider it independent and powerful, minimize importance of conflict between id and ego

A

EGO THEORISTS

61
Q

New psychodynamic theorists who emphasize the unified personality

A

SELF THEORISTS

62
Q

Name of notable self-theorist, emphasized unified personality, concept of self which Kohut never defined, basic motivation is to strengthen wholeness of self

A

Hans Kohut

63
Q

New psychodynamic theorists who emphasize the human need for relationships, especially between children and caregivers, abnormal behavior can be traced to problems with caregivers

A

OBJECT-RELATIONS THEORISTS

64
Q

General goals of psychodynamic therapies

A

uncover past trauma, conflict, put it in the table, therapist acts as interpreter and explains, therapist is “subtle guide”

65
Q

Four psychodynamic therapy techniques

A

free association, therapist interpretation, catharsis, working through

66
Q

Psychodynamic therapy technique that involves talking about whatever comes into head without editing

A

free association

67
Q

Psychodynamic therapy technique that involves therapist explaining symbolic meaning of things, making conscious what is in the unconscious, involves resistance, transference, and dream interpretation

A

therapist interpretation

68
Q

Unconscious refusal to participate in therapy, comes from unconscious

A

resistance

69
Q

Projection of patient’s issues onto the therapist, eg dealing with male therapist in same way as bad father

A

transference

70
Q

Looking for symbolic meaning in dreams, searching for hidden messages

A

dream interpretation

71
Q

Theorist who said dreams were royal road to unconscious, argued that dreams were composed of manifest content and latent content

A

Sigmund Freud

72
Q

Portion of dream remembered by patient

A

manifest content

73
Q

Portion of dream composed of symbolic content that needs to be interpreted

A

latent content

74
Q

Therapy technique that involves working out significant issues and reaching resolution, like weight is lifted off chest

A

catharsis

75
Q

Therapy technique that involves repeatedly going over a single issue with the goal of increasing clarity with each iteration, used to take years, shorter timelines now

A

working through

76
Q

Therapy technique that involves choosing one problem and working on it for a shorter period of time

A

short-term psychodynamic therapy

77
Q

Psychodynamic therapy in which therapist becomes entwined in therapy, breaks therapeutic distance, therapist expresses personal beliefs and reactions, all part of therapy

A

relational psychoanalytic therapy

78
Q

Theory involving classical and operant conditioning, actions are largely determined by life experiences, focus is on observable behavior

A

behavioral theories

79
Q

Behavioral theory is largely based on ________

A

learning theory

80
Q

Three behavioral models

A

operant conditioning, modeling, classical conditioning

81
Q

Behavioral technique involving rewarding positive behavior and ignoring negative behavior

A

operant conditioning

82
Q

Behavioral technique involving mimicking behavior you want to copy, eg therapist hold snake

A

modeling

83
Q

Behavioral technique involving pairing two stimuli to move from unconditioned to conditioned response

A

classical conditioning

84
Q

Goal of behavioral therapy

A

identify problematic behaviors and replace them with appropriate ones

85
Q

Role of therapist in behavioral therapy

A

teacher rather than healer

86
Q

Classical conditioning treatments may be used to change abnormal reactions to particular stimuli

A

SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION

87
Q

Three steps to systematic desensitization

A

(1) progressive muscle relaxation, (2) hierarchy of fears, (3) small steps combining relaxation and moving through hierarchy of fears

88
Q

Model that proposes that abnormal functioning is best understood by looking to cognition as the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions

A

cognitive model

89
Q

Prominent cognitive theorist, originator of Rational Emotive behavior theory, confrontational in therapy

A

Albert Ellis

90
Q

Prominent cognitive theorist, “Father of Cognitive Therapy”

A

Aaron Beck

91
Q

Cognitive problems that can result in abnormal functioning

A

faulty assumptions and attitudes, illogical thinking processes eg overgeneralization

92
Q

Goal of cognitive therapy in overcoming problems

A

develop new, more functional ways of thinking

93
Q

Help clients recognize and restructure thinking, challenge dysfunctional thoughts, try new interpretations, apply new ways of thinking in life

A

Beck’s therapy goals

94
Q

Model with emphasis on people as friendly, cooperative, and constructive; focus on drive to self-actualize through honest recognition of strengths and weaknesses

A

humanistic view

95
Q

Two main proponents of humanist view

A

Maslow and Rogers

96
Q

Model with goal to lead a meaningful life; emphasis on self-determination, choice, and individual responsibility; focus on authenticity

A

EXISTENTIALIST VIEW

97
Q

Term for striving to become best human being we can be

A

self-actualization

98
Q

Supportive climate created by therapist; unconditional positive regard for client; Little research support but positive impact on clinical practice

A

client-centered therapy

99
Q

Proponent of client-centered therapy

A

Rogers

100
Q

Summary of Rogers’ Humanistic Theory and Therapy

A

Presents basic human need to receive UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD early in life to develop UNCONDITIONAL SELF-REGARD

101
Q

Rogers’ technique in which the therapist rewords what the client says to demonstrates hearing, understanding, and validation

A

Reflective speech

102
Q

Therapy approach in which therapist guides clients toward self-recognition through challenge and frustration

A

Humanistic Gestalt approach

103
Q

Developer of Humanistic Gestalt approach

A

Fritz Perls

104
Q

Therapy approach that involves techniques including skillful frustration; role playing; rules, including “Here and Now” and “I” language

A

Gestalt Theory and Therapy

105
Q

Phrase which means we’re not letting past control us, putting past behind us

A

“Here and Now” language

106
Q

Language which means we’re owning our feelings and not blaming others

A

“I” language

107
Q

Gestalt therapy technique in which the therapist refuses to give into client’s manipulation

A

frustration

108
Q

Gestalt therapy technique in which client visualizes someone who they are in conflict with and client vents feelings to the _________

A

Empty chair technique

109
Q

Twentieth century view of religion and spirituality

A

Clinical scientists viewed religion as a negative or neutral-factor in mental health

110
Q

More recent view of religion and spirituality

A

Historical alienation seems to be ending; research indicates that spirituality correlates with mental health

111
Q

Theory that psychological dysfunction is proposed to be caused by SELF-DECEPTION, hiding from life’s responsibilities, not recognizing that we give meaning to our own lives

A

Existential Theory

112
Q

Therapy in which people are encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their problems, goals more important than technique, emphasis on client-therapist relationship

A

Existential therapy

113
Q

Therapy technique in which 6-8 people who share diagnosis are led by a therapist to work on shared problems

A

group therapy

114
Q

Therapy in which a group of people led by paraprofessional to discuss common problem

A

self-help group

115
Q

Therapy in which therapist looks at structure of family to bring people together and shake up “battle lines”

A

structural family therapy

116
Q

Therapy technique that deals mostly with communication within family and working to improve it

A

cojoint family therapy

117
Q

Therapy in which two people in a relationship work on their relationship; #1 reason for this type of therapy is communication

A

couples therapy

118
Q

Therapy in which a private practice or mental health center offer programs for treatment, prevention, and education

A

community treatment

119
Q

A growing number of clinicians favor explanations of abnormal behavior that _________

A

consider more than one cause at a time

120
Q

Therapy technique that pulls from more than one model to address client problems

A

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES

121
Q

Therapy approach that uses different theories based upon the needs of the client

A

ECLECTIC APPROACH

122
Q

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL therapy approach that views abnormal behavior as a combination of environmental and genetic factors

A

DIATHESIS-STRESS EXPLANATION

Abnormal Psychology (13 decks)

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