1-2 Flashcards
In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as
MODELS or PARADIGMS
Until recently, a model was greatly influenced by cultural beliefs, Freud, called what
SINGLE MODEL OF ABNORMALITY
Model that adopts a medical perspective, typically points to problems in brain anatomy or brain chemistry
Biological Model
Chemicals that are released at synapses that carry messages between nerves, abnormal activity can cause mental disorders
Neurotransmitters
Mental disorders are sometimes related to abnormal chemical activity where
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (glands, hormones)
Three sources of biological abnormalities
Genetics, Evolution, Viral infections
Source of biological abnormalities that plays a part in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders
GENETIC INHERITANCE
Source of biological abnormalities that argue that human reactions and the responsible genes survived over time because they help individuals thrive and adapt
evolution
Most criticized and controversial model of biological abnormalities that receives a lot of attention
evolution
Summarize evolutionary approach to biological abnormalities
human reactions and genes are not adapted to modern life, eg anxiety disorders
Model that exposure to _____ contribute to abnormal behavior through biochemical dysfunction in the brain, may be exposed in childhood, may be dormant
viral infections
Attempt to pinpoint the physical source of dysfunction to determine the course of treatment
BIOLOGICAL PRACTITIONERS
Three types of biological treatment
drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery
Therapy for psychotropic medications in 1950s improved outlook for a number of mental disorders
DRUG THERAPY
Four major psychotropic drug groups
Antianxiety drugs (anxiolytics, minor tranquilizers), Antidepressant drugs, Antibipolar drugs (mood stabilizers), Antipsychotic drugs
Type of psychotropic drug that acts on neurotransmitters, most popular is benzodiazepines
Antianxiety drugs
Most popular anxiolytic, fast acting, drowsy, loss of coordination, addictive
benzodiazepines
Drug that is not a benzodiazepine , not addictive, for long term treatment of anxiety
buspar
Four benzodiazepines prescribed for anxiety
Valium, Xanax, Ativan, Klonopin
Neurotransmitter often involved in anxiety
GABA
Class of drugs that act to lift mood
antidepressants
Three types of antidepressants
Tricyclics, MAOIs, SSRIs
Drugs that boost norepinephrine and serotonin
tricyclics
Two examples of tricyclics
Elavil and tofranil
Antidepressants that block enzyme that breaks form norepinephrine and serotonin, react with foods and other drugs, prescribed when other antidepressants have failed
MAOIs
Type of antidepressant that prevent the reuptake of serotonin at the synapse, fewer side effects, take about 6 weeks to become effective
SSRIs
Example of SSRIs
Prozac, Paxil, Effexor
Class of antipsychotics that stabilize moods
antibipolar drugs
Examples of antibipolar drug, must be taken at near toxic levels to work
lithium
Drugs that treat psychosis, disconnection from reality
Antipsychotic drugs
First generation class of antipsychotic drugs, block dopamine in the brain
neuroleptics
Name of common neuroleptic
Haldol
Side effects to neuroleptics
dysphoria (lack of pleasure)
Umbrella term for symptoms that involve movement, dystonia, akathesia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia
Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
Internal restlessness, often a side effect
akathesia
Side effects/symptoms involving head, usually irreversible, repetitive, jerking movements, eg licking lips or smacking all the time
tardive dyskinesia
Drug taken to minimize side effects of psychotropic medications
Cogentin
Newer antipsychotics, unsure of long term side effects
Atypical antipsychotics
Combination of schizophrenia and a mood disorder
Schizoaffective disorder
Biological treatment involving use of electrical current to induce grand mal seizure
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
Biological treatment used primarily for depression, particularly when drugs and other therapies have failed, side effects are memory loss and broken bones
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
Biological treatment that is used when all other treatments are exhausted, historical roots in trephination or lobotomy
PSYCHOSURGERY (OR NEUROSURGERY)
Form of psychosurgery used to treat obsessive compulsive disorder
Cingulotomy
Psychological philosophy that argues that normal or abnormal behavior is determined largely by conflict among underlying, unconscious, dynamic interacting psychological forces, id, ego, superego
psychodynamic model
Main proponent of the psychodynamic model
Sigmund Freud
Unconscious force Guided by the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
Id
Unconscious force Guided by the REALITY PRINCIPLE and uses DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Ego
Unconscious force Guided by the MORALITY PRINCIPLE
SUPEREGO
Conflict among the Id, ego, superego results in _______ that is the basis for all disorders
anxiety
Seven Ego defense mechanisms
Repression, Denial, Projection, Rationalization, Displacement, Intellectualization, Regression
Main, “granddaddy” of all defense mechanisms
repression
Defense mechanism where Person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious
Repression
Defense mechanism where Person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety
Denial
Defense mechanism where person attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other individuals
projection
Defense mechanism where person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives
rationalization
Defense mechanism where Person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute
Displacement
Defense mechanism where Person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a problem
Intellectualization
Defense mechanism where Person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage al which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly
Regression
Theory that states that children move through stages such as oral, anal, and other stages named for body parts, fixation can occur if stage is not resolved, parents are key figures at each stage, basic motivation is libido
psychosexual development stages
New psychodynamic theorists who emphasize the role of the ego; consider it independent and powerful, minimize importance of conflict between id and ego
EGO THEORISTS
New psychodynamic theorists who emphasize the unified personality
SELF THEORISTS
Name of notable self-theorist, emphasized unified personality, concept of self which Kohut never defined, basic motivation is to strengthen wholeness of self
Hans Kohut
New psychodynamic theorists who emphasize the human need for relationships, especially between children and caregivers, abnormal behavior can be traced to problems with caregivers
OBJECT-RELATIONS THEORISTS
General goals of psychodynamic therapies
uncover past trauma, conflict, put it in the table, therapist acts as interpreter and explains, therapist is “subtle guide”
Four psychodynamic therapy techniques
free association, therapist interpretation, catharsis, working through
Psychodynamic therapy technique that involves talking about whatever comes into head without editing
free association
Psychodynamic therapy technique that involves therapist explaining symbolic meaning of things, making conscious what is in the unconscious, involves resistance, transference, and dream interpretation
therapist interpretation
Unconscious refusal to participate in therapy, comes from unconscious
resistance
Projection of patient’s issues onto the therapist, eg dealing with male therapist in same way as bad father
transference
Looking for symbolic meaning in dreams, searching for hidden messages
dream interpretation
Theorist who said dreams were royal road to unconscious, argued that dreams were composed of manifest content and latent content
Sigmund Freud
Portion of dream remembered by patient
manifest content
Portion of dream composed of symbolic content that needs to be interpreted
latent content
Therapy technique that involves working out significant issues and reaching resolution, like weight is lifted off chest
catharsis
Therapy technique that involves repeatedly going over a single issue with the goal of increasing clarity with each iteration, used to take years, shorter timelines now
working through
Therapy technique that involves choosing one problem and working on it for a shorter period of time
short-term psychodynamic therapy
Psychodynamic therapy in which therapist becomes entwined in therapy, breaks therapeutic distance, therapist expresses personal beliefs and reactions, all part of therapy
relational psychoanalytic therapy
Theory involving classical and operant conditioning, actions are largely determined by life experiences, focus is on observable behavior
behavioral theories
Behavioral theory is largely based on ________
learning theory
Three behavioral models
operant conditioning, modeling, classical conditioning
Behavioral technique involving rewarding positive behavior and ignoring negative behavior
operant conditioning
Behavioral technique involving mimicking behavior you want to copy, eg therapist hold snake
modeling
Behavioral technique involving pairing two stimuli to move from unconditioned to conditioned response
classical conditioning
Goal of behavioral therapy
identify problematic behaviors and replace them with appropriate ones
Role of therapist in behavioral therapy
teacher rather than healer
Classical conditioning treatments may be used to change abnormal reactions to particular stimuli
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION
Three steps to systematic desensitization
(1) progressive muscle relaxation, (2) hierarchy of fears, (3) small steps combining relaxation and moving through hierarchy of fears
Model that proposes that abnormal functioning is best understood by looking to cognition as the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions
cognitive model
Prominent cognitive theorist, originator of Rational Emotive behavior theory, confrontational in therapy
Albert Ellis
Prominent cognitive theorist, “Father of Cognitive Therapy”
Aaron Beck
Cognitive problems that can result in abnormal functioning
faulty assumptions and attitudes, illogical thinking processes eg overgeneralization
Goal of cognitive therapy in overcoming problems
develop new, more functional ways of thinking
Help clients recognize and restructure thinking, challenge dysfunctional thoughts, try new interpretations, apply new ways of thinking in life
Beck’s therapy goals
Model with emphasis on people as friendly, cooperative, and constructive; focus on drive to self-actualize through honest recognition of strengths and weaknesses
humanistic view
Two main proponents of humanist view
Maslow and Rogers
Model with goal to lead a meaningful life; emphasis on self-determination, choice, and individual responsibility; focus on authenticity
EXISTENTIALIST VIEW
Term for striving to become best human being we can be
self-actualization
Supportive climate created by therapist; unconditional positive regard for client; Little research support but positive impact on clinical practice
client-centered therapy
Proponent of client-centered therapy
Rogers
Summary of Rogers’ Humanistic Theory and Therapy
Presents basic human need to receive UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD early in life to develop UNCONDITIONAL SELF-REGARD
Rogers’ technique in which the therapist rewords what the client says to demonstrates hearing, understanding, and validation
Reflective speech
Therapy approach in which therapist guides clients toward self-recognition through challenge and frustration
Humanistic Gestalt approach
Developer of Humanistic Gestalt approach
Fritz Perls
Therapy approach that involves techniques including skillful frustration; role playing; rules, including “Here and Now” and “I” language
Gestalt Theory and Therapy
Phrase which means we’re not letting past control us, putting past behind us
“Here and Now” language
Language which means we’re owning our feelings and not blaming others
“I” language
Gestalt therapy technique in which the therapist refuses to give into client’s manipulation
frustration
Gestalt therapy technique in which client visualizes someone who they are in conflict with and client vents feelings to the _________
Empty chair technique
Twentieth century view of religion and spirituality
Clinical scientists viewed religion as a negative or neutral-factor in mental health
More recent view of religion and spirituality
Historical alienation seems to be ending; research indicates that spirituality correlates with mental health
Theory that psychological dysfunction is proposed to be caused by SELF-DECEPTION, hiding from life’s responsibilities, not recognizing that we give meaning to our own lives
Existential Theory
Therapy in which people are encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their problems, goals more important than technique, emphasis on client-therapist relationship
Existential therapy
Therapy technique in which 6-8 people who share diagnosis are led by a therapist to work on shared problems
group therapy
Therapy in which a group of people led by paraprofessional to discuss common problem
self-help group
Therapy in which therapist looks at structure of family to bring people together and shake up “battle lines”
structural family therapy
Therapy technique that deals mostly with communication within family and working to improve it
cojoint family therapy
Therapy in which two people in a relationship work on their relationship; #1 reason for this type of therapy is communication
couples therapy
Therapy in which a private practice or mental health center offer programs for treatment, prevention, and education
community treatment
A growing number of clinicians favor explanations of abnormal behavior that _________
consider more than one cause at a time
Therapy technique that pulls from more than one model to address client problems
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES
Therapy approach that uses different theories based upon the needs of the client
ECLECTIC APPROACH
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL therapy approach that views abnormal behavior as a combination of environmental and genetic factors
DIATHESIS-STRESS EXPLANATION
