1-3 Flashcards
Involves the collection of relevant information in an effort to reach a conclusion
ASSESSMENT
Used to determine how and why a person is behaving abnormally and how that person may be helped, gathers idiographic information, used to evaluate treatment progress
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
Personal information collected from a client
idiographic information
Hundreds of clinical assessment tools fall into three categories
Clinical interviews, Tests, Observations
To be useful, assessment tools must be _________
standardized and have clear reliability and validity
Sets up common steps to be followed whenever it is administered for administration, scoring, and interpretation of a test
STANDARDIZATION
Refers to the consistency of an assessment measure
RELIABILITY
Two main types of reliability
TEST -RETEST RELIABILITY; INTERRATER (INTERJUDGE) RELIABILITY
Type of reliability in which you receive the same score on multiple attempts
TEST -RETEST RELIABILITY
Type of reliability in which different scorers deliver same scores
INTERRATER (INTERJUDGE) RELIABILITY
Refers to the accuracy of a tool’s results
VALIDITY
Type of validity in which test appears at face value to be valid
face validity
Type of validity in which test reliably make same predictions
PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
measure of how well a particular test correlates with a previously validated measure
CONCURRENT VALIDITY
Often the first contact between a client and a clinician/assessor; used to collect detailed information especially personal history, about a client
Clinical Interviews
Type of interview in which clinicians ask open-ended questions
UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW
Type of interview in which clinicians ask prepared questions, often from a published interview schedule
STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
Component of a structured interview to determine if someone is oriented to time and pace
mental status exam
Three limitations of clinical interviews
May lack validity or accuracy, May contain interviewer bias or mistakes in judgment, May lack reliability
More than 500 clinical tests fall into six categories
Projective tests, Personality inventories, Response inventories, Psychophysiological tests, Neurological and neuropsychological tests, Intelligence tests
Tests from psychodynamic theory that require that clients interpret vague or ambiguous stimuli or follow open-ended instruction, eg Rorschach Test, Thematic Apperception Test, Sentence completion test, Drawings
PROJECTIVE TESTS
Projective test in which narrative responses to ambiguous pictures reflect the individuals’ own circumstances, needs, and emotions
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)
A mental process by which a person makes sense of an idea by assimilating it to the body of ideas he already has
apperception
Projective test that is not accurate for diagnosis and a bear to score, involves interpreting inkblots and images
Rorschach Test
Projective test which provides springboard for discussion and a quick and easy way to pinpoint topics to explore
SENTENCE-COMPLETION TEST
Common sentence completion test
Rotter’s Incomplete Sentences
Projective test which provide means for clinician to assess functioning, especially with children
DRAWINGS
Type of drawing test in which you draw a person, person of opposite sex
draw-a-person test
Type of drawing test in which you draw a picture of your family members
Kinetic Family Drawing test
Type of drawing test in which you draw a house, then a tree, then a person
House Tree Person Drawing
Two strengths of projective tests
provided method for personality assessment until 1950s, helpful for providing supplementary information
Two limitations of projective tests
not demonstrated reliability of validity, bias against minority ethnic groups
Term for tests that indicate if a subject if faking answers
Empirically keyed
Tests that measure broad personality characteristics and psychological functioning, based on self-reported responses, focus on behaviors, beliefs, and feelings
PERSONALITY INVENTORIES
Most widely used personality test
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Test consisting of 500 true/false/cannot say statements describing physical, mood, sexual, and social behaviors on 10 clinical scales, scores above 70 are deviant
MMPI
MMPI term for abnormal concerns with body
hypochondriasis
MMPI term for overly dramatic behavior
hysteria
MMPI term for people who don’t care about other’s feelings
psychopathic deviance
MMPI term for issues relating to traditional gender roles
masculinity-femininity
MMPI term for being abnormally suspicious
paranoia
MMPI term for level of anxiety
psychasthenia
MMPI term for having odd thinking patterns, unable to separate fantasy from reality
schizophrenia
MMPI term for emotional excitement, overactivity
hypomania
MMPI term for being easily embarrassed, ability to navigate social world
social introversion
Strengths of MMPI
easy, objective, test-retest reliable, greater validity
Limitations of MMPI
measured traits not examined, no allowance for cultural differences
Inventories based on self-reported responses, eg affective, social skills, cognitive inventories
Response Inventories
Affective test by Aaron Beck, father of cognitive therapy
Beck depression inventory
Strengths of Response Inventories
strong face validity, increased usage over last 50 years
Limitations of Response Inventories
limited reliability, standardization, not tested for accuracy or consistency
Test that measure physiological response as an indication of psychological problems, eg heart rate, bp, temp
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS
Most popular PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL TEST
polygraph
Strengths of Psychophysiological tests
continuous signals, use in real time
Limitations of Psychophysiological tests
expensive equipment, inaccurate and unreliable
Type of test that assesses brain function by assessing brain structure and activity
neurological tests
Examples of neurological tests
EEG, CAT, PET, MRI, fMRI
Neurological test that gives most accurate image in real-time
fMRI
PET scan of depressed person shows what
mostly blue with a little yellow
Test that Indirectly assess brain function by assessing cognitive, perceptual, and motor functioning
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
Most widely used neuropsychological test
BENDER GESTALT TEST
Strengths of neuropsychological test
need to be over 12, general screening, best in battery of tests
Weaknesses of neuropsychological tests
unable to detect subtle abnormalities
Type of test designed to indirectly measure intellectual ability, verbal and nonverbal skills, score is IQ
intelligence tests
Strengths of intelligence tests
most carefully produced, standardized, reliable and valid
Weaknesses of intelligence tests
performance influenced by non-intelligence factors, cultural and language bias
Popular intelligence based on bell-shaped curve
Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
Systematic observations of behavior
clinical observations
Three techniques for clinical observation
Naturalistic, Analog, Self-monitoring
Clinical observation technique that involves observing a person in their natural environment
naturalistic
Clinical observation technique that involves observing a person in a laboratory setting
analog
Strengths of naturalistic and analog observations
much can be learned
Weaknesses of naturalistic and analog observations
reliability and validity
Clinical observation technique that involves a person observing and recording their own behavior
self-monitoring
Strengths of self-monitoring
measuring thoughts and perceptions
Weaknesses of self-monitoring
validity
Book of diagnoses and symptoms, requires clinician to provide categorical, dimensional, and additional information
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
