3-10 Flashcards
Any substance that affects our bodies and minds
drug
Does substance include alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine?
yes
a temporary state of poor judgment, mood changes, irritability, slurred speech, and poor coordination
INTOXICATION
consists of perceptual distortions and hallucinations
HALLUCINOSIS
Example of a substance that produces hallucinosis
LSD
Pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of substances
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER
People sometimes become physically dependent on the substances, developing a __________for it and experiencing __________
TOLERANCE, WITHDRAWAL
The brain and body’s need for ever larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects
TOLERANCE
Unpleasant, sometimes dangerous, reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug
WITHDRAWAL
Four categories of substances used and studied
depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis
Methods of availability of drugs in our society
Harvested from nature; derived from natural substances; produced in laboratory; Require a physician’s prescription; legally available to adults; some illegal under all circumstances
Category of substance that may slow the activity of the CNS, Reduce tension and inhibitions, May interfere with judgment, motor activity, and concentration
Depressants
Three most widely used depressants
alcohol, sedative-hypnotics, opioids
Active ingredient in alcoholic beverages
ethyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol is absorbed where and effects what
stomach lining; CNS
Ethyl alcohol help what neurotransmitter shut down neurons and relax the drinker
GABA
Levels of impairment are tied to what acronym
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
A given amount of alcohol has a lesser effect on a ______ person than a _______ one
large, small
an enzyme in the stomach that metabolizes alcohol before it enters the blood
DEHYDROGENASE
Women have less of what enzyme and become more intoxicated than men on equal doses of alcohol
alcohol DEHYDROGENASE
BAC associated with relaxation and comfort
BAC 0.06
BAC associated with intoxication
BAC 0.09
BAC associated with death
0.55
Organ where alcohol is metabolized
liver
Rate at which liver metabolizes alcohol
0.25oz/hr, can’t speed up
First brain area effected by alcohol
judgment and inhibition
Second brain area effected by alcohol
less ability to make judgments, speak clearly, remember well
Third brain area effected by alcohol
increased motor difficulties, reaction time slows
In general, people with alcohol use disorder do what three things
(1) Drink large amounts regularly, (2) Rely on it to enable them to do things that would otherwise make them anxious, (3) Eventually find drinking interferes with social behavior and the ability to think and work
Levels of impairment are closely related to the concentration of
ethyl alcohol in the blood
Most of the alcohol is broken down, or metabolized, by the liver into
carbon dioxide and water, which can be exhaled and excreted
The average rate of this metabolism is
25 percent of an ounce per hour, but different people’s livers work at different speeds; thus rates of “sobering up” vary
Type of drinking that is a serious problem on college campuses
Binge drinking
Increased tolerance of alcohol requires what to feel its effects
greater amounts
Withdrawal symptoms sometimes experienced at cessation of drinking
nausea and vomiting
A dramatic withdrawal reaction experienced by some people with alcoholism. It consists of confusion, clouded consciousness, and terrifying visual hallucinations
DELIRIUM TREMENS (DTs)
Demographics of DTs
men > women, some teenagers
Three ways alcohol can damage people
physical health, nutritional, fetal alcohol syndrome
Term for physical health liver damage due to alcohol
cirrhosis
A nutrition problem alcohol-related disorder marked by extreme confusion, memory impairment, and other neurological symptoms
Korsakoff’s syndrome
A cluster of problems in a child, including low birth weigh and irregularities in the head
Fetal alcohol syndrome
A class of drug used in low doses to reduce anxiety and in higher doses to help people sleep. Also called an anxiolytic drug
SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC (ANXIOLYTIC) DRUGS
Two examples of SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC (ANXIOLYTIC) DRUGS
BARBITURATES, BENZODIAZEPINES
Addictive sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety and help people sleep
Barbiturates
At low doses, ___________ are similar in effect to alcohol by attaching to GABA receptors, but at high doses, they slow breathing and are lethal
barbiturates
Repeated use of barbiturates can quickly result in
sedative-hypnotic use disorder
A great danger of barbiturate tolerance is that the _________________, even while the body is building a tolerance for the sedative effects
lethal dose of the drug remains the same
Barbiturates have largely been replaced with
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepine withdrawal is particularly dangerous because it can cause
convulsions
Three common benzos
Xanax, Ativan, and Valium
Have depressant effect on the CNS by binding to GABA receptors and increasing GABA activity
Benzodiazepines
Relieve anxiety without causing drowsiness, less likely to slow breathing and lead to death by overdose, Can cause intoxication and lead to addiction
Benzodiazepines
Opium or any of the drugs derived from opium, including morphine, heroin, and codeine
Opioid
A highly addictive substance made from the sap of the opium poppy
Opium
Term for both natural and synthetic opioids
narcotics
Most common method of narcotics use, although other techniques have been increasing in recent years
Injection
A spasm of warmth and ecstasy that is sometimes compared with orgasm
rush
An injection of narcotics quickly brings on a
“rush”
Opioids bind to the receptors in the brain that ordinarily receive
endorphins
When these sites receive opioids, they produce_____________, just as endorphins do
pleasurable and calming feelings
In addition to reducing pain and tension, opioids can cause what three negative things
nausea, narrowing of the pupils, and constipation
Narcotic overdose danger is from what problem in the brain
drug closes down the respiratory center in the brain, paralyzing breathing and causing death, likely during sleep
Term for people who resume use after having avoided it for some time often make the fatal mistake of taking the same dose they had built up to before
Ignorance of tolerance
Users run the risk of getting__________, Opioids are often “cut” with noxious chemicals
impure drugs
Dirty needles and other equipment can spread
infection
Increase the activity of the central nervous system (CNS); in blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness; and behavior and thinking
STIMULANTS
Most troublesome stimulants
Cocaine, Amphetamines
Most widely used and legal stimulants
Caffeine, Nicotine
An addictive stimulant obtained from the coca plant. It is the most powerful natural stimulant known
COCAINE
High doses of cocaine can produce______________, whose symptoms include mania, paranoia, and impaired judgment
COCAINE INTOXICATION
As the stimulant effects of the drug subside, the user experiences a depression-like letdown, popularly called
CRASHING
Two newer, cheaper, more powerful versions of cocaine
freebase and crack
Form of cocaine where the drug is heated and inhaled with a pipe
freebase
Powerful form of freebase cocaine that has been boiled down for smoking in a pipe
Crack
Physical risks of cocaine use
overdose, depressed respiratory function, heart failre, miscarriage and fetal abnormalities
stimulant drugs manufactured in the laboratory and most often taken in pill or capsule form
Amphetamines
In small doses, amphetamines increase ________ and reduce _____
energy and alertness, appetite
In high doses, amphetamines produce what and cause what as they leave the body
rush, intoxication, and psychosis; emotional letdown
Amphetamines stimulate the CNS by increasing what neurotransmitters
dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
Three popular kinds of amphetamines
Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Methedrine
A powerful amphetamine drug that has surged in popularity in recent years, “club drug,” stovetop labs, major health and law enforcement problems
Methamphetamine
Disorder involving regular use of either cocaine or amphetamine, gradual domination of individual’s life, can result in tolerance and withdrawal reactions
Stimulant Use Disorder
one of the most famous and powerful hallucinogens, Tolerance and withdrawal are rare
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
hallucinogen intoxication, Increased and altered sensory perception, extremely strong emotions, effects that wear off in about 6 hours
HALLUCINOSIS
LSD produces effects by binding to what neurotransmitter receptors that help control visual information and emotions
serotonin
The drug may cause different senses to cross, an effect called
SYNESTHESIA
Two natural hallucinogens
mescaline, psilocybin
Two laboratory produced hallucinogens
LSD, MDMA
Drug produced from varieties of the hemp plant
Cannabis
Two popular forms of cannabis
hashish, marijuana
the solidified resin of the cannabis plant
HASHISH
a mixture of buds, crushed leaves, and flowering tops of the cannabis plant
MARIJUANA
Psychoactive ingredient of cannabis
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Development of tolerance and withdrawal, experiencing flulike symptoms, restlessness, and irritability when drug use is stopped. Possible cause is change in drug itself
CANNABIS USE DISORDER
Negative side effects of cannabis use
panic reactions, implication oin car accidents, poor concentration, impaired memory, long-term respiratory problems, lung cancer, low sperm count, abnormal ovulation
Term for popular marijuana edibles
medibles
______ played a role in medicine, but fell out of favor and was criminalized; recent efforts to decriminalize
Cannabis
People often take more than one drug at a time, a pattern called
POLYSUBSTANCE USE
As many as 90% of people who use one illegal drug are also using
another illegal drug
Term for when different drugs are in the body at the same time, they may multiply, or potentiate, each other’s effects, combination is greater tan any individual drug
SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS
Term for a different kind of synergistic effect results when drugs have opposite effects
antagonistic
Best sociocultural, psychological, and biological explanations
combination of factors
Sociocultural views of SUD
higher SUD with lower socioeconomic status, higher unemployment
Substance use disorder is likely to appear in families and social environments where
substance use is valued or accepted
Behaviorists suggest ___________ plays a key role in substance abuse
operant conditioning
Describe operant conditioning and SUD
Reward of taking drugs produces expectation that drugs will be rewarding, motivates individuals to increase substance use during times of tension
Hypothesis that rewarding effects of drugs leads users to try higher doses or more powerful methods
self-medication hypothesis
Behaviorists operant conditioning model supports what hypothesis
self-medication hypothesis
If behaviorists operant conditioning model is true, one would expect higher rates of substance use among people with
psychological problems
Biological views of SUD
genetics, twin studies, and “alcohol-preferring” animals support genetic basis
An abnormal form of the _________receptor gene was found in the majority of subjects with alcohol or other substance dependence, but in less than 20 percent of nondependent subjects
dopamine-2 (D2)
Biological explanations of drug tolerance and withdrawal based on NT functioning in the brain, “pleasure pathway” is related to what factors
biochemical factors
In biological model, what is the key neurotransmitter for activating the reward center /”pleasure pathway”
dopamine
What other type of legal substance activates the same dopamine reward center as cocaine and morphine
high fat, high sugar foods eg oreos
When substances repeatedly stimulate the reward center, the center develops a hypersensitivity to the substances; considerable support in animal studies
INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY
Reward center is not readily activated by “normal” life events so people turn to drugs to stimulate this pleasure pathway, particularly in times of stress
REWARD-DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
Behavioral classical conditioning therapy where Individuals are repeatedly presented with an unpleasant stimulus at the very moment they are taking a drug
AVERSION THERAPY
Aversion Therapy applied to alcoholism, what are two negative stimuli paired with alcohol
drug-induced nausea and vomiting; imagining extremely upsetting, repulsive, or frightening scenes
Cognitive treatments for substance use disorders
identify and change the patterns and cognitions contributing to their patterns of substance misuse
Most prominent cognitive therapy for SUD
relapse-prevention training
Cognitive therapy approach which helps clients to gain control over their substance-related behaviors; intoxication and binge drinking treatment
RELAPSE-PREVENTION TRAINING
Cognitive therapy that provides a mindfulness-based approach to SUD management
ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY
Cognitive approach used particularly to treat binge drinking
relapse-prevention training
Several strategies for relapse-prevention training
log drinking, spacing or sipping drinks, plan drinking ahead of time
Success of cognitive-behavioral approaches
limited long-term success when used alone, but can be helpful when combined with other approaches
General overview of biological approach to SUD treatment
Help people withdraw, abstain from them, or maintain their level of substance use without further increases
Three biological treatments for SUD
detoxification, antagonist drug, drug maintenance therapy
Systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug, Can be outpatient or inpatient
DETOXIFICATION
Two strategies for detox
tapering off doses, give medication to block withdrawal symptoms
Biological approach drugs given to block or change the effects of the addictive substance as an aid to resist falling back into a pattern of misuse
ANTAGONIST DRUGS
Antagonist drug given for alcohol
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
Antagonist drug given for opiods
Naloxone
Biological therapy eg methadone maintenance programs are designed to provide a safe substitute for heroin
DRUG MAINTENANCE THERAPY
Laboratory opioid with a long half-life, taken orally once a day
METHADONE
Effectiveness of biological approaches to SUDs
limited long-term success when used alone, but can be helpful when combined with other approaches
Four sociocultural therapies for SUDs
self-help, residential treatment centers, culture and gender sensitive programs, community prevention programs
Organization that offers peer support along with moral and spiritual guidelines to help people overcome alcoholism
Alcoholics Anonymous
It is worth noting that the __________ goal of AA directly opposes the controlled-drinking goal of relapse prevention training and several other interventions for substance misuse
abstinence
SUDs treatment approach in which People formerly dependent on drugs live, work, and socialize in a drug-free environment while undergoing individual, group, and family therapies
residential treatment centers or therapeutic communities
Perhaps the most effective approach to substance-related disorders is
to prevent them
