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Abnormal Psychology > 3-10 > Flashcards

3-10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Any substance that affects our bodies and minds

A

drug

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2
Q

Does substance include alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine?

A

yes

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3
Q

a temporary state of poor judgment, mood changes, irritability, slurred speech, and poor coordination

A

INTOXICATION

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4
Q

consists of perceptual distortions and hallucinations

A

HALLUCINOSIS

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5
Q

Example of a substance that produces hallucinosis

A

LSD

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6
Q

Pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of substances

A

SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER

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7
Q

People sometimes become physically dependent on the substances, developing a __________for it and experiencing __________

A

TOLERANCE, WITHDRAWAL

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8
Q

The brain and body’s need for ever larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects

A

TOLERANCE

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9
Q

Unpleasant, sometimes dangerous, reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug

A

WITHDRAWAL

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10
Q

Four categories of substances used and studied

A

depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis

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11
Q

Methods of availability of drugs in our society

A

Harvested from nature; derived from natural substances; produced in laboratory; Require a physician’s prescription; legally available to adults; some illegal under all circumstances

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12
Q

Category of substance that may slow the activity of the CNS, Reduce tension and inhibitions, May interfere with judgment, motor activity, and concentration

A

Depressants

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13
Q

Three most widely used depressants

A

alcohol, sedative-hypnotics, opioids

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14
Q

Active ingredient in alcoholic beverages

A

ethyl alcohol

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15
Q

Ethyl alcohol is absorbed where and effects what

A

stomach lining; CNS

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16
Q

Ethyl alcohol help what neurotransmitter shut down neurons and relax the drinker

A

GABA

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17
Q

Levels of impairment are tied to what acronym

A

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)

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18
Q

A given amount of alcohol has a lesser effect on a ______ person than a _______ one

A

large, small

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19
Q

an enzyme in the stomach that metabolizes alcohol before it enters the blood

A

DEHYDROGENASE

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20
Q

Women have less of what enzyme and become more intoxicated than men on equal doses of alcohol

A

alcohol DEHYDROGENASE

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21
Q

BAC associated with relaxation and comfort

A

BAC 0.06

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22
Q

BAC associated with intoxication

A

BAC 0.09

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23
Q

BAC associated with death

A

0.55

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24
Q

Organ where alcohol is metabolized

A

liver

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25
Q

Rate at which liver metabolizes alcohol

A

0.25oz/hr, can’t speed up

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26
Q

First brain area effected by alcohol

A

judgment and inhibition

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27
Q

Second brain area effected by alcohol

A

less ability to make judgments, speak clearly, remember well

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28
Q

Third brain area effected by alcohol

A

increased motor difficulties, reaction time slows

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29
Q

In general, people with alcohol use disorder do what three things

A

(1) Drink large amounts regularly, (2) Rely on it to enable them to do things that would otherwise make them anxious, (3) Eventually find drinking interferes with social behavior and the ability to think and work

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30
Q

Levels of impairment are closely related to the concentration of

A

ethyl alcohol in the blood

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31
Q

Most of the alcohol is broken down, or metabolized, by the liver into

A

carbon dioxide and water, which can be exhaled and excreted

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32
Q

The average rate of this metabolism is

A

25 percent of an ounce per hour, but different people’s livers work at different speeds; thus rates of “sobering up” vary

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33
Q

Type of drinking that is a serious problem on college campuses

A

Binge drinking

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34
Q

Increased tolerance of alcohol requires what to feel its effects

A

greater amounts

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35
Q

Withdrawal symptoms sometimes experienced at cessation of drinking

A

nausea and vomiting

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36
Q

A dramatic withdrawal reaction experienced by some people with alcoholism. It consists of confusion, clouded consciousness, and terrifying visual hallucinations

A

DELIRIUM TREMENS (DTs)

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37
Q

Demographics of DTs

A

men > women, some teenagers

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38
Q

Three ways alcohol can damage people

A

physical health, nutritional, fetal alcohol syndrome

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39
Q

Term for physical health liver damage due to alcohol

A

cirrhosis

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40
Q

A nutrition problem alcohol-related disorder marked by extreme confusion, memory impairment, and other neurological symptoms

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

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41
Q

A cluster of problems in a child, including low birth weigh and irregularities in the head

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

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42
Q

A class of drug used in low doses to reduce anxiety and in higher doses to help people sleep. Also called an anxiolytic drug

A

SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC (ANXIOLYTIC) DRUGS

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43
Q

Two examples of SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC (ANXIOLYTIC) DRUGS

A

BARBITURATES, BENZODIAZEPINES

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44
Q

Addictive sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety and help people sleep

A

Barbiturates

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45
Q

At low doses, ___________ are similar in effect to alcohol by attaching to GABA receptors, but at high doses, they slow breathing and are lethal

A

barbiturates

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46
Q

Repeated use of barbiturates can quickly result in

A

sedative-hypnotic use disorder

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47
Q

A great danger of barbiturate tolerance is that the _________________, even while the body is building a tolerance for the sedative effects

A

lethal dose of the drug remains the same

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48
Q

Barbiturates have largely been replaced with

A

Benzodiazepines

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49
Q

Benzodiazepine withdrawal is particularly dangerous because it can cause

A

convulsions

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50
Q

Three common benzos

A

Xanax, Ativan, and Valium

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51
Q

Have depressant effect on the CNS by binding to GABA receptors and increasing GABA activity

A

Benzodiazepines

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52
Q

Relieve anxiety without causing drowsiness, less likely to slow breathing and lead to death by overdose, Can cause intoxication and lead to addiction

A

Benzodiazepines

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53
Q

Opium or any of the drugs derived from opium, including morphine, heroin, and codeine

A

Opioid

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54
Q

A highly addictive substance made from the sap of the opium poppy

A

Opium

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55
Q

Term for both natural and synthetic opioids

A

narcotics

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56
Q

Most common method of narcotics use, although other techniques have been increasing in recent years

A

Injection

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57
Q

A spasm of warmth and ecstasy that is sometimes compared with orgasm

A

rush

58
Q

An injection of narcotics quickly brings on a

A

“rush”

59
Q

Opioids bind to the receptors in the brain that ordinarily receive

A

endorphins

60
Q

When these sites receive opioids, they produce_____________, just as endorphins do

A

pleasurable and calming feelings

61
Q

In addition to reducing pain and tension, opioids can cause what three negative things

A

nausea, narrowing of the pupils, and constipation

62
Q

Narcotic overdose danger is from what problem in the brain

A

drug closes down the respiratory center in the brain, paralyzing breathing and causing death, likely during sleep

63
Q

Term for people who resume use after having avoided it for some time often make the fatal mistake of taking the same dose they had built up to before

A

Ignorance of tolerance

64
Q

Users run the risk of getting__________, Opioids are often “cut” with noxious chemicals

A

impure drugs

65
Q

Dirty needles and other equipment can spread

A

infection

66
Q

Increase the activity of the central nervous system (CNS); in blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness; and behavior and thinking

A

STIMULANTS

67
Q

Most troublesome stimulants

A

Cocaine, Amphetamines

68
Q

Most widely used and legal stimulants

A

Caffeine, Nicotine

69
Q

An addictive stimulant obtained from the coca plant. It is the most powerful natural stimulant known

A

COCAINE

70
Q

High doses of cocaine can produce______________, whose symptoms include mania, paranoia, and impaired judgment

A

COCAINE INTOXICATION

71
Q

As the stimulant effects of the drug subside, the user experiences a depression-like letdown, popularly called

A

CRASHING

72
Q

Two newer, cheaper, more powerful versions of cocaine

A

freebase and crack

73
Q

Form of cocaine where the drug is heated and inhaled with a pipe

A

freebase

74
Q

Powerful form of freebase cocaine that has been boiled down for smoking in a pipe

A

Crack

75
Q

Physical risks of cocaine use

A

overdose, depressed respiratory function, heart failre, miscarriage and fetal abnormalities

76
Q

stimulant drugs manufactured in the laboratory and most often taken in pill or capsule form

A

Amphetamines

77
Q

In small doses, amphetamines increase ________ and reduce _____

A

energy and alertness, appetite

78
Q

In high doses, amphetamines produce what and cause what as they leave the body

A

rush, intoxication, and psychosis; emotional letdown

79
Q

Amphetamines stimulate the CNS by increasing what neurotransmitters

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

80
Q

Three popular kinds of amphetamines

A

Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Methedrine

81
Q

A powerful amphetamine drug that has surged in popularity in recent years, “club drug,” stovetop labs, major health and law enforcement problems

A

Methamphetamine

82
Q

Disorder involving regular use of either cocaine or amphetamine, gradual domination of individual’s life, can result in tolerance and withdrawal reactions

A

Stimulant Use Disorder

83
Q

one of the most famous and powerful hallucinogens, Tolerance and withdrawal are rare

A

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

84
Q

hallucinogen intoxication, Increased and altered sensory perception, extremely strong emotions, effects that wear off in about 6 hours

A

HALLUCINOSIS

85
Q

LSD produces effects by binding to what neurotransmitter receptors that help control visual information and emotions

A

serotonin

86
Q

The drug may cause different senses to cross, an effect called

A

SYNESTHESIA

87
Q

Two natural hallucinogens

A

mescaline, psilocybin

88
Q

Two laboratory produced hallucinogens

A

LSD, MDMA

89
Q

Drug produced from varieties of the hemp plant

A

Cannabis

90
Q

Two popular forms of cannabis

A

hashish, marijuana

91
Q

the solidified resin of the cannabis plant

A

HASHISH

92
Q

a mixture of buds, crushed leaves, and flowering tops of the cannabis plant

A

MARIJUANA

93
Q

Psychoactive ingredient of cannabis

A

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

94
Q

Development of tolerance and withdrawal, experiencing flulike symptoms, restlessness, and irritability when drug use is stopped. Possible cause is change in drug itself

A

CANNABIS USE DISORDER

95
Q

Negative side effects of cannabis use

A

panic reactions, implication oin car accidents, poor concentration, impaired memory, long-term respiratory problems, lung cancer, low sperm count, abnormal ovulation

96
Q

Term for popular marijuana edibles

A

medibles

97
Q

______ played a role in medicine, but fell out of favor and was criminalized; recent efforts to decriminalize

A

Cannabis

98
Q

People often take more than one drug at a time, a pattern called

A

POLYSUBSTANCE USE

99
Q

As many as 90% of people who use one illegal drug are also using

A

another illegal drug

100
Q

Term for when different drugs are in the body at the same time, they may multiply, or potentiate, each other’s effects, combination is greater tan any individual drug

A

SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS

101
Q

Term for a different kind of synergistic effect results when drugs have opposite effects

A

antagonistic

102
Q

Best sociocultural, psychological, and biological explanations

A

combination of factors

103
Q

Sociocultural views of SUD

A

higher SUD with lower socioeconomic status, higher unemployment

104
Q

Substance use disorder is likely to appear in families and social environments where

A

substance use is valued or accepted

105
Q

Behaviorists suggest ___________ plays a key role in substance abuse

A

operant conditioning

106
Q

Describe operant conditioning and SUD

A

Reward of taking drugs produces expectation that drugs will be rewarding, motivates individuals to increase substance use during times of tension

107
Q

Hypothesis that rewarding effects of drugs leads users to try higher doses or more powerful methods

A

self-medication hypothesis

108
Q

Behaviorists operant conditioning model supports what hypothesis

A

self-medication hypothesis

109
Q

If behaviorists operant conditioning model is true, one would expect higher rates of substance use among people with

A

psychological problems

110
Q

Biological views of SUD

A

genetics, twin studies, and “alcohol-preferring” animals support genetic basis

111
Q

An abnormal form of the _________receptor gene was found in the majority of subjects with alcohol or other substance dependence, but in less than 20 percent of nondependent subjects

A

dopamine-2 (D2)

112
Q

Biological explanations of drug tolerance and withdrawal based on NT functioning in the brain, “pleasure pathway” is related to what factors

A

biochemical factors

113
Q

In biological model, what is the key neurotransmitter for activating the reward center /”pleasure pathway”

A

dopamine

114
Q

What other type of legal substance activates the same dopamine reward center as cocaine and morphine

A

high fat, high sugar foods eg oreos

115
Q

When substances repeatedly stimulate the reward center, the center develops a hypersensitivity to the substances; considerable support in animal studies

A

INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY

116
Q

Reward center is not readily activated by “normal” life events so people turn to drugs to stimulate this pleasure pathway, particularly in times of stress

A

REWARD-DEFICIENCY SYNDROME

117
Q

Behavioral classical conditioning therapy where Individuals are repeatedly presented with an unpleasant stimulus at the very moment they are taking a drug

A

AVERSION THERAPY

118
Q

Aversion Therapy applied to alcoholism, what are two negative stimuli paired with alcohol

A

drug-induced nausea and vomiting; imagining extremely upsetting, repulsive, or frightening scenes

119
Q

Cognitive treatments for substance use disorders

A

identify and change the patterns and cognitions contributing to their patterns of substance misuse

120
Q

Most prominent cognitive therapy for SUD

A

relapse-prevention training

121
Q

Cognitive therapy approach which helps clients to gain control over their substance-related behaviors; intoxication and binge drinking treatment

A

RELAPSE-PREVENTION TRAINING

122
Q

Cognitive therapy that provides a mindfulness-based approach to SUD management

A

ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY

123
Q

Cognitive approach used particularly to treat binge drinking

A

relapse-prevention training

124
Q

Several strategies for relapse-prevention training

A

log drinking, spacing or sipping drinks, plan drinking ahead of time

125
Q

Success of cognitive-behavioral approaches

A

limited long-term success when used alone, but can be helpful when combined with other approaches

126
Q

General overview of biological approach to SUD treatment

A

Help people withdraw, abstain from them, or maintain their level of substance use without further increases

127
Q

Three biological treatments for SUD

A

detoxification, antagonist drug, drug maintenance therapy

128
Q

Systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug, Can be outpatient or inpatient

A

DETOXIFICATION

129
Q

Two strategies for detox

A

tapering off doses, give medication to block withdrawal symptoms

130
Q

Biological approach drugs given to block or change the effects of the addictive substance as an aid to resist falling back into a pattern of misuse

A

ANTAGONIST DRUGS

131
Q

Antagonist drug given for alcohol

A

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

132
Q

Antagonist drug given for opiods

A

Naloxone

133
Q

Biological therapy eg methadone maintenance programs are designed to provide a safe substitute for heroin

A

DRUG MAINTENANCE THERAPY

134
Q

Laboratory opioid with a long half-life, taken orally once a day

A

METHADONE

135
Q

Effectiveness of biological approaches to SUDs

A

limited long-term success when used alone, but can be helpful when combined with other approaches

136
Q

Four sociocultural therapies for SUDs

A

self-help, residential treatment centers, culture and gender sensitive programs, community prevention programs

137
Q

Organization that offers peer support along with moral and spiritual guidelines to help people overcome alcoholism

A

Alcoholics Anonymous

138
Q

It is worth noting that the __________ goal of AA directly opposes the controlled-drinking goal of relapse prevention training and several other interventions for substance misuse

A

abstinence

139
Q

SUDs treatment approach in which People formerly dependent on drugs live, work, and socialize in a drug-free environment while undergoing individual, group, and family therapies

A

residential treatment centers or therapeutic communities

140
Q

Perhaps the most effective approach to substance-related disorders is

A

to prevent them

Abnormal Psychology (13 decks)

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