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FB1 - 2nd year > extra phsiology Q's (midterm) > Flashcards

extra phsiology Q's (midterm) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe neural communication

a. slow and diffuse
b. fast and sharply localized
c. mediated via chemicals

A

b. fast and sharply localized

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2
Q

Which of the following has a higher total body water?

a. male
b. female

A

a. male

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3
Q

during normal situations, which have the highest water output?

a. sweat
b. urine
c. lung evaporation

A

b. urine

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4
Q

during situations of prolonged heavy exercise, which have the highest water output?

a. sweat
b. urine
c. lung evaporation

A

a. sweat

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5
Q

Which has a higher percentage of the bodys water?

a. Transcellular fluid
b. Extracellular fluid
c. Intracellular fluid

A

c. Intracellular fluid

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6
Q

Describe the Donan effect

a. responsible for higher positive ions in the plasma due to more protein presence
b. responsible for higher positive ions in the interstitial fluid due to more protein presence

A

a. responsible for higher positive ions in the plasma due to more protein presence

more proteins- which have a negative charge- are in the plasma pulling the positive ions towards it

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7
Q

What’s the osmotic pressure needed to prevent osmotic movement of a solution with concentration of 1mOsm/L?

a. 9.7 mmHg
b. 11.5 mmHg
c. 14.6 mmHg
d. 19.3 mmHg

A

d. 19.3 mmHg

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8
Q

What is inversely proportional to the Rate of diffusion?

a. Concentration gradient
b. Surface area
c. Temperature
d. Distance

A

d. Distance

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9
Q

Which is saturable?

a. diffusion
b. facilitated diffusion
c. aquaporins

A

b. facilitated diffusion

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10
Q

Which of the following is also known as capillary hydrostatic pressure?

a. capillary pressure
b. ISF pressure
c. plasma colloid osmotic pressure
d. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

A

a. capillary pressure

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11
Q

Which of the following cause osmosis of fluid outward through the capillary membrane and into ISF?

a. capillary pressure
b. ISF pressure
c. plasma colloid osmotic pressure
d. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

A

d. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

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12
Q

Which of the following causes osmosis pulling of fluid from ISF towards capillary?

a. plasma colloid osmotic pressure
b. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

A

c. plasma colloid osmotic pressure

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13
Q

Which of the following pulls fluid from capillary to ISF?

a. positive ISF pressure
b. negative ISF pressure

A

b. negative ISF pressure

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14
Q

lack of nutrition causes

a. Intracellular Edema
b. Extracellular Edema

A

a. Intracellular Edema

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15
Q

Which is most common?

a. Intracellular Edema
b. Extracellular Edema

A

b. Extracellular Edema

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16
Q

What occurs to ISF osmolarity during Isotonic Expansion?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

c. no change

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17
Q

What occurs to ISF volume during Isotonic Contraction?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

b. decrease

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18
Q

What occurs to ECF osmolarity when Drinking sea water?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

a. increase

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19
Q

What occurs to ECF volume when both salt and water are lost from body (Na loss > water loss)?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

a. increase

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20
Q

What occurs to ECF volume when a patient sweats excessively (high water loss)?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

b. decrease

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21
Q

What occurs to ECF volume when Drinking too much pure water?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

a. increase

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22
Q

Which of the following is isotonic?

a. 0.09% NaCl
b. 9% NaCl
c. 9g in 100ml of water
d. 9g in 1000ml of water

A

d. 9g in 1000ml of water

0. 9% NaCl

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23
Q

Which of the following is on the cytoplasmic membrane?

a. v-snare
b. t-snare

A

b. t-snare

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24
Q

Which is responsible for endocytosis?

a. Clathrin
b. COP I
c. COP II

A

a. Clathrin

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25
Q

Which uses microtubules for faster transport?

a. COP I
b. COP II

A

b. COP II

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26
Q

Which is responsible for retrograde transport?

a. Clathrin
b. COP I
c. COP II

A

b. COP I

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27
Q

Which describes COP I?

a. transporting proteins from cis end of the Golgi to the rough ER
b. transporting proteins from trans end of the Golgi to the rough ER
c. transporting proteins from the rough ER to the cis end of the Golgi

A

a. transporting proteins from cis end of the Golgi to the rough ER

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28
Q

What do Translocon protein do?

a. wraps around vesicles & help with integration
b. exocytosis
c. insertion of integral membrane proteins into the membrane

A

c. insertion of integral membrane proteins into the membrane

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29
Q

What stops sodium from going into potassium channels?

a. diameter of pore
b. nature of amino acid side groups

A

b. nature of amino acid side groups

sodium is smaller than potassium

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30
Q

describe an activated voltage-gated channel

a. more negative on the inside
b. more positive on the inside

A

b. more positive on the inside

amino acids of the channel move up, changing the structure and opening the channel

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31
Q

How do local anesthetics effect voltage gated channels?

a. dramatically increase refractory period
b. prevent membrane recovery/rest
c. bind to and stop channel activation

A

c. bind to and stop channel activation

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32
Q

Which receptor does curare inhibit?

a. Nicotinic receptor
b. Muscarinic receptor
c. neither
d. both

A

a. Nicotinic receptor

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33
Q

Which receptor does acetylcholine activate?

a. Nicotinic receptor
b. Muscarinic receptor
c. neither
d. both

A

d. both

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34
Q

belladonna plant extract can act as an antagonist to which of the following?

a. Nicotinic receptor
b. Muscarinic receptor
c. neither
d. both

A

b. Muscarinic receptor

35
Q

Which of the following causes a drop in blood pressure and heart rate when activated?

a. Nicotinic receptor
b. Muscarinic receptor
c. neither
d. both

A

b. Muscarinic receptor

36
Q

Which of the following causes muscle contraction when activated?

a. Nicotinic receptor
b. Muscarinic receptor
c. neither
d. both

A

a. Nicotinic receptor

37
Q

Which causes paralysis?

a. atropine
b. curare

38
Q

Where is potassium most concentrated?

a. intracellular
b. extracellular

A

a. intracellular

39
Q

Where is sodium most concentrated?

a. intracellular
b. extracellular

A

b. extracellular

40
Q

Which describes an electrogenic transporter?

a. causes a loss of one positive charge to the outside the cell
b. causes a loss of one negative charge to the outside the cell
c. causes a difference in ionic distribution

A

c. causes a difference in ionic distribution

41
Q

Which of the following pulls K into the cell?

a. Concentration gradient
b. Electric gradient
b. both
d. neither

A

b. Electric gradient

concentration gradient pull is outwards

42
Q

Which of the following pulls Na out of the cell?

a. Concentration gradient
b. Electric gradient
b. both
d. neither

A

d. neither

both Concentration & Electric gradient pull it inside the cell

43
Q

Which is more permeable?

a. Na+
b. K+

A

b. K+

many more K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels

44
Q

Which travel long distances without amplitude or strength loss?

a. action potential
b. graded potential

A

a. action potential

45
Q

During depolarization, which of the following channels are open?

a. K+ channels
b. Na+ channels

A

b. Na+ channels

they close during the overshoot, then potassium channels open

46
Q

During repolarization, which of the following channels are open?

a. K+ channels
b. Na+ channels

A

a. K+ channels

47
Q

Which of the following undergo the positive feedback cycle?

a. K+ channels
b. Na+ channels

A

b. Na+ channels

48
Q

Which have a constant amplitude every time?

a. action potential
b. graded potential

A

a. action potential

49
Q

Which of the following have an AP with Plateau?

a. sinus node
b. ventricular muscle

A

b. ventricular muscle

50
Q

Which of the following Rhythmic AP Phases is also called the Plateau Phase?

a. Phase 0
b. Phase 1
c. Phase 2
d. Phase 3
e. Phase 4

A

c. Phase 2

51
Q

Why does the Plateau Phase occur?

a. The balance between K+ voltage-gated channels & Na+ voltage-gated channels
b. The balance between K+ voltage-gated channels & Ca+ voltage-gated channels
c. The balance between Na+ voltage-gated channels & Ca+ voltage-gated channels

A

b. The balance between K+ voltage-gated channels & Ca+ voltage-gated channels

52
Q

What’s true about the AP with Plateau in smooth muscle vs cardiac muscle?

a. more prolonged plateau in smooth muscle
b. calcium channels open more slowly in cardiac muscle
c. calcium channels remain open much longer in cardiac muscle

A

a. more prolonged plateau in smooth muscle

in smooth muscle, the plateau is longer and the Na channels open slower and stay open longer

53
Q

What’s true about Rhythmic AP?

a. RMP is more negative than usual
b. Has a small hyperpolarization

A

b. Has a small hyperpolarization

RMP is LESS negative than usual

54
Q

HCN channels are activated in response to

a. depolarization
b. repolarization
c. hyperpolarization

A

c. hyperpolarization

HCN channel= hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel

55
Q

Which has the biggest intracellular gap?

a. Electrical synapse
b. Chemical synapse

A

b. Chemical synapse

56
Q

Which has cytoplasmic continuity between the neurons?

a. Electrical synapse
b. Chemical synapse

A

a. Electrical synapse

57
Q

Which has bidirectional transport?

a. Electrical synapse
b. Chemical synapse

A

a. Electrical synapse

58
Q

Which has active zones?

a. Electrical synapse
b. Chemical synapse

A

b. Chemical synapse

59
Q

Give an example of an amino acid that acts as a synaptic transmitter

A

Glycine
Glutamate (main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS)
Aspartate

60
Q

Where is Ca most concentrated?

a. Intracellular
b. Extracellular

A

b. Extracellular

61
Q

Which of the following has a hyperpolarization effect?

a. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
b. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

b. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

62
Q

Which need 2 acetylcholine (Ach) molecules to trigger conformational change?

a. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR)
b. Type-A γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABA ARs)

A

a. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR)

63
Q

Which mediates a rapid inhibitory synaptic transmission?

a. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR)
b. Type-A γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABA ARs)

A

b. Type-A γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABA ARs)

64
Q

which mediate fast, ligand-gated transmission?

a. Ionotropic receptor
b. Metabotropic receptors

A

a. Ionotropic receptor

Metabotropic= slow, G-protein coupled

65
Q

Which occurs at the same synapse?

a. Special summation
b. Temporal summation

A

b. Temporal summation

66
Q

Which crosses a synapse to reach the target cell?

a. Neurocrine
b. Neuroendocrine

A

a. Neurocrine

67
Q

Which has a faster response?

a. Plasma membrane receptors
b. Intracellular receptors

A

a. Plasma membrane receptors

68
Q

Which regulate gene transcription?

a. Plasma membrane receptors
b. Intracellular receptors

A

b. Intracellular receptors

69
Q

How many Ca molecules is Calmodulin able to bind with?

a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5

70
Q

Which best describes a SERPENTINE receptor?

a. Ligand-gated ion channels)
b. Receptor-enzyme
c. G protein-coupled receptor
d. Integrin receptor

A

c. G protein-coupled receptor

71
Q

A receptor linked with which enzyme is capable of self phosphorylation?

a. Tyrosine Kinase
b. Guanylyl cyclase
c. Serine/Threonine kinases

A

a. Tyrosine Kinase

72
Q

Which of the following has a direct relationship between ligand binding and receptor activity?

a. Guanylyl cyclase
b. Serine/Threonine kinases

A

a. Guanylyl cyclase

b= not direct

73
Q

Which of the following mobilizes calcium from intracellular stores (ex/ ER & mitochondria)?

a. GTP
b. GDP
c. IP3
d. PIP2

74
Q

What attaches integrin molecules to the cytosklelton?

a. antibodies
b. anchor proteins
c. phospholipase A2

A

b. anchor proteins

75
Q

In which disease is adenylyl cyclase abnormally active?

a. whooping cough
b. cholera
c. hypercalcemia

A

a. whooping cough

76
Q

How does bordetella pertussis toxin keep adenylate cyclase active?

a. increases its intracellular concentration
b. blocks its inhibition
c. allosterically activates it
d. irreversible activation via PIPs

A

b. blocks its inhibition

77
Q

cholera toxin interferes with which of the following

a. Tyrosine-Kinase Linked Receptors (TKLR)
b. Guanylyl Cyclase-Linked Receptors (GCLR)
c. G protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR)

A

c. G protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR)

blocks enzyme activity of G protein, increasing cAMP

78
Q

prolactin stimulates which of the following pathways?

a. cAMP/PKA/CREB Pathway
b. JAK/STAT Pathway
c. TGF b /SMAD pathway

A

b. JAK/STAT Pathway

79
Q

Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF) is a part of which of the following pathways?

a. cAMP/PKA/CREB Pathway
b. JAK/STAT Pathway
c. TGFβ /SMAD pathway

A

c. TGFβ /SMAD pathway

80
Q

Which of the following enter the cell via diffusion?

a. thyroid hormones
b. steroid hormones

A

b. steroid hormones

81
Q

Which of the following are stabilized via heat shock proteins?

a. thyroid hormones
b. steroid hormones

A

b. steroid hormones

82
Q

Which of the following enter the cell via facilitated diffusion?

a. thyroid hormones
b. steroid hormones

A

a. thyroid hormones

83
Q

Which of the following thyroid hormones only has receptors in the nucleus?

a. T3
b. T4

FB1 - 2nd year (42 decks)

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