2015 physiology midterm Flashcards
The blood pressure of a patient increased. The baroreceptors sensed the increase and transmitted a signal to the cardiovascular center in the brain. This center then sent a signal to the heart in order to decrease the heart rate. What is the role of the heart in this homeostatic mechanism?
a) Effector
b) Sensor
c) Afferent pathway
d) Integrating center
a) Effector
Which of the following subjects has the highest percentage of total body water?
a) A 20-year-old male
b) A 20-year-old female
c) A 40-year-old male
d) A 50-year-old female
a) A 20-year-old male
A human normally ingests 2L of water daily. However, the same amount needs to exit the body in order to maintain homeostasis. Which organ is most responsible for this process?
a) Skin
b) Sweat gland
c) Liver
d) Kidney
d) Kidney
More Na+ ions are present in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid. What is the reason behind that?
a) Na+ ions are too large to cross the capillary walls
b) Proteins in the plasma have a negative charge that attracts the Na+ ions
c) Proteins in the interstitial fluid have a positive charge that repels the Na+ ions
d) Na+ ions are required in the blood plasma
b) Proteins in the plasma have a negative charge that attracts the Na+ ions
What is the osmolarity (mOsm/L) of a 5% glucose solution? (MW=180)
a) 277
b) 304
c) 312
d) 0.277
a) 277
What is the osmotic pressure of the previous 5% glucose solution when placed in a semipermeable membrane having pure water on the other side?
a) 5867
b) 5346
c) 5.346
d) 6021
b) 5346
compartment A= 1.5M of KCl
compartment B= 1.5M of NaCl
The membrane between compartment A and B is only permeable to Na+, what will occur?
a) Na will be equally distributed between the two compartments
b) Positive charges will be distributed equally between the two compartments
c) More positive charges will be accumulated in compartment B
d) More positive charges will be accumulated in compartment A
d) More positive charges will be accumulated in compartment A
If ATP is hydrolyzed to carry substance against the concentration gradient, what mechanism of transport is this?
a) Facilitated diffusion
b) Primary active transport
c) Secondary active transport
d) Tertiary active transport
b) Primary active transport
container A= 250 ml of 2% NaCl container B= 500 ml of 0.9% NaCl What is the final concentration after combining these 2 containers? a) 2.1% b) 2.7% c) 1.2% d) 1.7%
c) 1.2%
Which of the following results in the reduction of the ICF osmolarity?
a) Excessive water intake
b) Loss of 1L of blood
c) Intravenous injection of 750ml 0.9% NaCl solution
d) Drinking sea water
a) Excessive water intake
Which of the following results in the reduction of ICF volume?
a) Excessive water intake
b) Loss of 1L of blood
c) Intravenous injection of 750ml 0.9% NaCl solution
d) Intravenous injection of 400ml 2.4% NaCl solution
d) Intravenous injection of 400ml 2.4% NaCl solution
Which of the following is the fastest mean of vesicle transport in a cell?
a) Movement along myosin I
b) Movement along actin filament
c) Facilitated diffusion
d) Movement along microtubule
d) Movement along microtubule
During repolarization, the conductance of K+ ions decreased from 30Sn to 0Sn in a channel. Which gate was responsible for this decrease?
a) Inactivation
b) Deactivation
c) Activation
d) Inhibition
d) Inhibition
Which of the following may cause insulin secretion?
a) Activation of ATP-sensitive K-channel
b) Hyperpolarization of the beta cells’ membrane
c) Inactivation of voltage regulated Ca-channels
d) Increase in ATP/ADP ratio
d) Increase in ATP/ADP ratio
Repolarization of nerve cells occurs because of:
a) Influx of Na+ ions through gated sodium channels
b) Efflux of K+ ions through gated potassium channels
c) Efflux of K+ ions through sodium potassium leak channels
d) Influx of Cl- ions through gated chloride channels
b) Efflux of K+ ions through gated potassium channels
What is the main reason for the cessation of neurotransmitter secretions in the presynaptic membrane?
a) Binding of the neurotransmitter to the presynaptic receptors
b) Accumulation of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
c) Synthesis of new neurotransmitter molecules
d) Influx of Na+ ions into the presynaptic nerve
a) Binding of the neurotransmitter to the presynaptic receptors
In order for neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft, the level of intracellular Ca must increase. Where does the Ca come from?
a) Endoplasmic reticulum
b) Mitochondria
c) Vesicles
d) Extracellular fluid
d) Extracellular fluid
Which of the following molecules is used by WBCs during an inflammation?
a) Cadherins
b) Integrins
c) Selectins
d) N-CAMs
c) Selectins
A cell produced a certain chemical into the blood circulation in order to reach its target. What type of communication is this?
a) Paracrine
b) Autocrine
c) Neurocrine
d) Endocrine
d) Endocrine
Which of the following describes peptide hormones?
a) Hydrophobic and bind to carrier proteins in plasma
b) Hydrophilic and attach to nuclear membrane receptors
c) Lipophobic and attach to plasma membrane receptors
d) Lipophobic and attach to nuclear membrane receptors
c) Lipophobic and attach to plasma membrane receptors
Which of the following 2nd messengers mobilizes calcium from intracellular stores, such as the endoplasmic reticulum?
a) 3’5’-cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
b) 3’5’-cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate
c) 1,2-diacylglycerol
d) Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
d) Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
How is the cell affected in the presence of the cholera toxin?
a) Activation of Gi protein
b) Inhibition of adenylate cyclase
c) Decrease in cAMP levels
d) Increase in cAMP levels
d) Increase in cAMP levels
Which of the following molecules can initiate the TGFβ/SMAD pathway?
a) Mullerian inhibiting factor
b) Growth hormone
c) Erythropoietin
d) Prolactin
a) Mullerian inhibiting factor
Where is the thyroid hormone receptor located in a cell?
a) Bound to the nuclear membrane
b) Bound to the plasma membrane
c) Bound to the hormone response element on the DNA
d) Both in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm
c) Bound to the hormone response element on the DNA
What is the electric potential of a cell that has 15mM concentration of chloride ions inside and 150mM outside?
a) -61 mV
b) +61 mV
c) +49 mV
d) -49 mV
a) -61 mV
What is the electric potential of a cell that has 35mM concentration of sodium ions inside and 120mM outside?
a) -32.6 mV
b) +32.6 mV
c) +56.4 mV
d) -56.4 mV
b) +32.6 mV
Given that the concentration of a one-liter solution of CaCl2 is 111 osmol/L, what is the amount of solute present in this solution?
a) 42 moles
b) 34 moles
c) 11 moles
d) 37 moles
d) 37 moles
A Subject has total body solutes of 18000 mOsmoles and osmolarity of 300 mOsm/L. What’s the osmolarity (mOsm/L) after equilibrium if we infuse 1L of 500 mOsm/L solute intravenously?
a) 320.3
b) 303.2
c) 298.4
d) 280
b) 303.2
The concentration of Na inside the cell was 140, and outside the cell was 14, what is the membrane potential if only Na channels were open?
a) +61 mV
b) -61 mV
b) -61 mV
