Experiments Flashcards
Baddeley coding 1966
Given 4 different lists of words, e.g acoustically similar, dissimilar and semantically similar and dissimilar and were asked to recall. Accoustically similar worse recall (STM) semantically similar worse recall (LTM)
Jacobs Digital span
Recall 4 digits in order then if correct recall 5. Mean span is 9.3 digits and 7.3 letters
Miller 1956 chunking and span
Noted the importance of 7’s, 7 musical notes, 7 days of the week, 7 deadly sins. STM span is +/- 7.
Cowan 2001
Says Miller may have over estimated STM, Capacity is only 4 chunks so 5 is more believable than 7
Peterson and Peterson 1959
24 undergraduates given 8 trials. Each given consonant syllable and a 3 digit. Count back from 3 digit number and do each trial at different times. It shows STM has short duration unless info repeated regularly
Bahrick et al 1975
RPS could recognise the names and faces of classmates from 50 years ago. It shows that long term memory is coded semantically.
Mcgeoch and Mcdonald 1931
Studied retro active interference. RPS given a word list to recall, when 100% accurate given another. Lists that were similar results in a worse recall
Tulving 1983
Suggested that if a cue is needed it must be presented at encoding and retrieval
Golden and Baddeley 1975
Worked with deep sea divers. Made divers learn and recall word lists on sea and land. Mismatched environment gave the worse recall. 40% lower recall in mismatched environments
Carter and Cassidy 1998
State dependent forgetting. Similar to Golden experiment but with drugs. Mismatching gives worse recall.
Barker et al
Similar experiment to Golden and Carter but with gum. 4 groups- 15 words in two minutes, recall straight away and then again in 24 hours- immediate recall shows small difference between the groups but later recall suggests memory best with both gum- worse in mismatched conditons
Loftus and Palmer 1974
PP’s watched clips of car accidents. Asked a leading question which focused on the word “hit” or “smash”. Leads them to believe the car was going fast. Leading questions affect memory as when PP were asked was there any smashed class those who heard smash were most likely to say yes
Gobbert et al 2003
PP’s were shown car accidents from different angles. They were allowed to talk to each other after. 71% of PP’s recalled aspects of the video that they were not shown in comparison to 0% in the control group. Links to memory conformity
Anastafi and Rhodes
18-25/35-45 year olds are more accurate than 55-78 year olds in EWT but all age groups were accurate when identifying their own age group.
Johnson and Scott 1976
Lab experiment. People over hear an argument and the second group hear the argument accompanied by glass. Some see man walk past with pen, others with a knife with blood on it. 49% of people can identify man with pen from group of 50 and 33% can identify man with knife.
