Attachment experiments Flashcards
Carpenter 1975
Links to Schaffer and Emerson study- Presented infants with familiar and unfamiliar faces and voices, sometimes face and voice would be of the same person and sometimes not. He found that 2 week old infants look at mother’s face the longest when accompanied by her own voice- showed distress when it was her face but different voice. Babies attracted to mother from early age.
Geiger 1966
Role of father- Father’s play interactions are more exciting and interesting than the mothers’ while mothers are more nurturing and are seen to show sensitive responsiveness whereas fathers are regarded as the play mate.
Bernier and Milijkovitch 2009
Role of the father- Found that single parent fathers’ attachments with children aged 4-6 was similar to the attachment the father had with his own parents- no such effect was found with married fathers- continuity of attachment occurs more when father= main caregiver
Belsky et al 2009
Role of the Father- High levels of marital intimacy was related to secure father- infant related attachments while low intimacy was related to insecure father-infant attachments- closeness of marital relationship affects attachment with child
Brown et al 2010
Brown et al 2010
Role of the Father- Assessed attachment patterns in 68 families with infants aged between 12-13 months- high levels of supporting co-parenting were related to secure attachment types between infant and father, but not between infant and mother- more important for fathers
Dollard and Miller 1950
Learning theory- Argued that in their first year babies are fed 2000 times generally by their main caregiver which creates ample opportunity for the caregiver to be associated with the removal of unpleasant experiences such as hunger- attachments are learnt through operant conditioning
Schaffer 1971
Learning theory- Cupboard love theory puts things the wrong way round, babies do live to eat but eat to live- they actively seek stimulations
Bowlby 1973
Argued that babies only need food occasionally but constantly require the emotional security- that closeness to an attachment figure- suggesting food is not the main reason an attachment forms- influence attachments but not main reason
Lamb et al 1982
Monotropic Theory- studied the attachment infants had with people like the father, grandparents and siblings and found that infants had different attachments for different purposes- rather than attachments being a hierarchy e.g. fathers for play, mothers for comfort
Main and Weston 1981
Strange situation- Found that children acted differently in the strange situation depending on which parent they were with- this highlights how attachment types may be linked to which parent they are with and are not set characteristics for children- not a valid measurement
Main and Solomon 1986
Strange situation- Found an additional attachment type- Type D= Insecure-disorganised which was found as children displayed a confused mixture of the 3 original attachment types
Robertson and Robertson 1971
Separation- “Young Children in Brief Separation” research as 5 films showed how brief separation from their mother affected children’s mental state and psychological development-John spent 9 days in nursery while mother gave birth- thrown into confusion and struggled when returned to mother, other cases showed no negative outcomes- negative outcomes not inevitable like B said
Rodger and Pyror 1998
Deprivation- found that children experiencing two or more divorces have the lowest adjustment rates and the most behavioural problems suggesting that continual broken attachments increase the chances of negative outcomes for children
Demo and Acock 1996
Deprivation- Children experiencing divorce can react in different ways for some it allows them to develop better attachments with parents due to the removal of a negative environment and conflict
Curtiss 1977
Privation- reported on a girl named Genie- a girl denied human interaction- beaten and strapped to a potty seat until age 13- couldn’t speak or stand up- she received therapy and learnt some language skills – after failing to readjust to her mother and to 6 foster homes she was put in a carehome for people with learning difficulties- long term consequences of MDH
Bowlby 1944
Institutionalisation- compared 44 juvenile thieves with a group of non thieves who showed similar emotional suffering- 32% of thieves exhibited affectionless psychology- 0% of control group- B argues this is because 86% of thieves had MD
Tizard and Hodges 1978
Institutionalisation- studied children put in care in first 4 months of life- never formed attachment with mother or care home workers who regularly changed- some were restored/adopted- those who remained in care had no strong attachment + struggled to have relations with peers- adopted formed attachments with family but struggled outside- restored had poor family and peer- long lasting negative effects
Youngblade and Belsky 1992
Early attachment/childhood relations- found 3-5 year old securely attached children were more curious, competent and energetic – they got on better with other children and therefore more likely to form close friendships
Westermack 1891
Early attachments/childhood relations- reported that children who form close friendships in first six years of life do not generally go on to form adult sexual relationships with one another- early attachments do affect adult/ childhood relationships
McCarthy 1999
Early attachments/adult relationships- assessed the quality of adult relationships of 40 women aged 25-44 with childhood insecure attachments –women with insecure avoidant attachments had less successful adult romantic relationships- those with insecure resistant found it hard to form non romantic relations- supports internal model
Brennan and Shever 1995
Early attachments/adult relationships- individuals classified as insecure avoidant were willing to engage in sex in the absence of strong feelings or love or an enduring relationships
Hazan and Shaver 1994
Early attachments/adult relationships-insecure avoidant more likely to have one night stands over intimate sex- supports an internal working model
Wood et al 2003
Early attachments/adult relationships- believes the quality of relationships results from the interaction of two people’s attachment’s style- insecurely attached people can have secure relations if with a securely attached person
Hamilton 1994
Early attachments/adult relationships- found that securely attached went on to have insecurely attached relations if they had experienced negative events
