exam two (nutrition and growth) Flashcards
microbes grow by making __ of themselves
copies
most microbes grow by ___ __
binary fission
binarry fission gives you what
two equal cells
ends in unequal products of cell division
simple budding
budding from ____ is also cell division
hyphae
polar growth without ____ of cell size is cell growht
differentiation
most microbes need ___ ___ such as amino acids, purines and pyrimidines and vitamins
growth factors
two different energy sources for microbes
chemical (chem) and light (photo)
chemoorganotrophs eat what
organic chemicals
chemolithotrophs eat what
inorganic chemicals
autotroph and heterotroph tell us ____ source
carbon
lithotroph and organotroph tells us ___ source
electron
what is a autotrophs carbon source
CO2
what is a heterotrophs carbon source
organic molecules
photolithoautotroph means
eats light (energy), inorganic materials (electrons) and co2 (carbon)
passive transport can be divided into
diffusion and facilitated diffusion
no energy required for ___; high to low concentration
diffusion
no energy required for transport but a permease helps things high to low
faciliatted diffusion (permease is the enzyme for bacteria)
antiport or symport are part of ____ ____
simple transport
___ transport, ATP provides the energy and it is hydrolyzed, then brings in subtance
ABC
microbes cannot degrade ___
agar
Group translocation transfers a ___ and is transferred from enzyme to enzyme to provde energy to bring something inside
phosphate
in a liquid microbes grow in ____
suspension
defined medium means the list of ingredients are ____ and known
measured
is macconkey complex or simple
complex
macconkey is differential and selective; why?
The MacConkey agar is selective for Gram -, and has pH indicator for lactose fermenters
what pH indicator is in MacConkey
neutral red
Mannitol is selective and differential for what
selective for salt lovers and inhibits gram -; differential for mannitol fermenters
mannitol has what pH indicator
phenol red
a pure culture is a
population of identical cells
in a ____ plate , the colonies are evenly dispersed
spread
an aggregation of microorganisms developed from a single cell
colony
what growth phase shows microbes adjusting to new medium; will be unique to each microbe
lag phase
after the lag phase microbe growth is ___
exponential
microbes growing exponentially and doubled growth rate, balanced growth
exponential phase
cellular components made at contanst rates
balanced growth
in what growth curve phase does grwoth rate = death rate, nutrient limitation and pop. growth ceases
stationary phase
grwoth curve phase where cells die and are viable (not culturable); progammed cell death
death phase
you can only calculate growth rate in ____ phase (because its linear)
exponential
Nt=No2^n
growth rate
k is the growth rate constant which is
n/t
when using a grid to count microbes ___ of sample matters
amount
____ dilutions are another way to count microbes
serial
each tube in a serial dilution is ___ fold more diluted than the tube before it
10
a machine used to measure density of microbes in solution
spectrophotometer
The optical density (absorbance) is increased with more ____
microbes
if temp. is too low or too high, above or below minimal threshold for microbe what happens
no metabolic activity
if temp. is too high microbes proteins ___
unfold
cold loving bacterium (0-20 C); have cold stable proteins
psychrophile
(0-40; 20-40 optimum); microbes that live in fridgerator and contibute to food spoilage
psychotolerant
(8-48; 20-40); human pathogens are usually this
mesophiles
(45-80) heat stable proteins and lipids
thermophiles
(55-120); have extreme heat stability
hyperthermophiles
DNA polymerase comes thermus aquaticus for ___, ____ polymerase
PCR, TAQ
pH < 5.5
acidophile
5.5<pH>8</pH>
neutrophiles
microbes have to keep internal pH between ____
5-9
ph>8
alkaliphile
water quantity and solute conc. matter in terms of water ___ for microbes
availability
pure water has Aw or water activity of
1
most microbes are ____; this is why water activity and quantity is important
hypertonic
microbes have ways to deal with ____ pressures
osmotic
microbes make ____ ___ to control the way water moves (so water doesnt come in)
compatible solutes
microbes that live in high solute conc. (make adaptations to not lose water)
osmophile
microbes live in dry environments
xerophile
require a lot of salt to survive
halophile (0-12%)
can tolerant high salt but prefers normal amount
halotolerant
aerobes ____ oxygen
love
facultative _____ can be tolerant each way; but prefers no oxygen
anaerobe
____ needs just a little oxygen (too much or too little and it dies)
microaerophile
aerotolerant correlation with oxygen
doesn’t need oxygen but can live anywhere
likes high pressure environments (300-400atm)
piezophile
single soil particle has different levels of oxyegn, in the deepest part of soil is ___ ___ and on surface is ____
strict anaerobes; aerobes
_____ ____ can alter oxygen levels, they will grab it all if it is limited and then also survive when the oxygen is gone (make things difficult for microbes with strict demands)
facultative aerobes
tolerate high pressure (1-300 atm)
piezotolerant
(700-1100 atm) is what microbe
extreme piezophile (can only be studied in special pressurized chambers)
