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microbiology > exam three (antimicrobial therapy) > Flashcards

exam three (antimicrobial therapy) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_____ cause disease

A

microbes

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2
Q

who found that trypan red kills trypanosomes

A

paul ehrlich

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3
Q

paul ehrlich also found that arsphenamine treats _____

A

syphilis

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4
Q

arsphenamine kills the microbe but not the human which gave it what name

A

“magic bullet”

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5
Q

gerhard domagk found ___ which treats both staph and strep

A

prontosil

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6
Q

pronotsil works because it is metabolized to sulfanilimide; which provides ____ and kill microbe (sulfa drugs)

A

protection

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7
Q

alexander fleming came up with

A

penicillin

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8
Q

mold had taken up residence on a plate and inhibited ____ growth around the mold

A

staph (colonies would lyse and die around the mold)

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9
Q

mold releases antimicrobial penicillin to compete with bacteria; it is a natural ____

A

antibiotic

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10
Q

antimicrobial chemotherapy that kills microbes but not you has

A

selective toxicity

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11
Q

what are the antimicrobial agents

A

antibiotics
synthetic

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12
Q

antimicrobial chemotherapy can be ____ or ____ spectrum

A

narrow; broad

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13
Q

antibiotic is _____ produced

A

naturally

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14
Q

kill microbe but synthetic (modified natural antibiotic)

A

synthetic antimicrobial agent

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15
Q

broad spectrum has effect on ____ bacteria (ex. all gram + species)

A

many

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16
Q

narrow spectrum are ____ effective; have to know specific species

A

less

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17
Q

least amount of antibiotic need to stop microbe (can be cidal or static)

A

minimum inhibitory concentration

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18
Q

to find min. inhibitory conc. you have tubes with increasing concentration of antibiotic and look for

A

opaqueness (max. growth) should be seen in 0 antibiotic conc. tube

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19
Q

the least amount of antibiotic that showed no growth is your (just stop growth; not yet looking for killing numbers)

A

min. inhibitory conc.

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20
Q

want an antibiotic that will kill microbe at least amount this is (cidal)

A

min. lethal concentration

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21
Q

(add antibiotic disk to plate) zone of clearance shows bacteria that have died and the outer edges of the ring is the min. conc. (qual.)

A

kirby bauer method

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22
Q

strip inoculated with different conc. of antimicrobial; zone of clearance will give you MIC (min. inhib. conc.) based off where zone of clearance stops

A

Etest

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23
Q

smaller zone of clearance means ____ antimicrobial; ___ use of MIC needed

A

less effective; less

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24
Q

the least amount of ____ is better for humans and to prevent resistance

A

MIC

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25
Q

things that can be manupilated in prokaryotes (antimicrobial therapy)

A

cell wall, membrane, metabolism, Nuc. acid synth. , protein synthesis

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26
Q

Beta lactam ring (similiar to D-Ala- D-Ala) is required for ____ to work

A

penicillin

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27
Q

penicillin (cell wall inhibitors) has more effect on gram ___

A

+

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28
Q

peniciliin binding protein works as a transpeptidase to elongate ____; penicillin blocks this

A

peptidoglycan

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29
Q

penicillin __ and __ are natural (come from penicillium)

A

G and V

30
Q

semi-synthetic penicillin (cell wall inhibitors) have had change to ___ ____ ring

A

beta lactam

31
Q

methicillin and oxacillin are resistant to ___ ____ (semisynthetic)

A

beta lactamase

32
Q

ampicillin and carbenicillin are __ ___ senstitive (semisynthetic)

A

beta. lactamase

33
Q

alot of people can be hypersensitive to the ___

A

cillin’s

34
Q

cephalosporins (cell wall inhibitors) are ____ ____ and have Beta-lactam ring

A

natural antibiotic

35
Q

glypeptides (cell wall inhibitors) have _____

A

vancomyocin

36
Q

vancomyosin works on G _ and binds to d-ala-d-ala

A

+

37
Q

vancomyosin attaches to D-Ala and blocks transpeptidase by hiding d-ala from ______ ____ ___

A

penicillin binding proteins

38
Q

vancomyosin is a last resort because it has a lot of ____

A

resistance

39
Q

protein synthesis inhibitors bind to ____; can be 30s or 50s

A

ribosome

40
Q

______- are amino sugars which bind to 30s; bactericidal for G- (protein synthesis inhibitors)

A

aminoglycosides

41
Q

waksman screened 10,000 strains looking for _______; first drug for TB

A

streptomycin

42
Q

streptomycin can be toxic causes

A

deafness, kidney damage

43
Q

_____ bind 30s; broad spectrum (will kill any gram + or -) bacteriostatic (stop growth); (protein synthesis inhibitors)

A

tetracyclines

44
Q

tetracycline allows your immune system time to get an immune response by being _____

A

bacteriostatic

45
Q

tetracyclines can be toxic causing

A

kidney and liver damage, yellow teeth

46
Q

______ (protein synthesis inhibitors) have lactone rings and sugars bind 50s; broad spectrum (mostly natural)

A

macrolides

47
Q

synthesis inhibitor that inhibit DNA/RNA polymerase, DNA helicase (prokaryotic unique)

A

nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

48
Q

synthetic, bacteriocidal, broad spectrum (ciproflaxacin); inhibits DNA synthesis in human cell and bacterial cell (nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors)

A

quinolones; fluoroquinolones

49
Q

inhibitor which blocks metabolic pathways; using structural analogs; bacteriostatic

A

antimetabolites

50
Q

_____ use synthesis of folic acid to kill microbe (humans don’t make it; but consume it; microbes make it) (antimetabolite)

A

sulfonamides; block production of folic acid

51
Q

____ combines with sulfa drug and are _____ at blocking two parts of metabolic (folic acid) pathway (antimetabolite)

A

trimethoprim; synergistic

52
Q

semisynthetic (cell membrane disruption); kills G +; binds to membrane and forms pores

A

daptomycin (cyclic lipopeptide)

53
Q

_____ binds membrane; makes it more permeable; gram - (highly toxic to injest) (cell membrane disruption)

A

polymyxin B

54
Q

main microbial clearance mechanism

A

immune system

55
Q

when immune system cannot effectively clear microorganism

A

infection

56
Q

resistance can be caused by ___ ___; drug can’t get past outer membrane/layer

A

reduce uptake

57
Q

microbes can have ___ ___; takes things inside prokaryote that don’t belong and pumps them out (multidrug resistant)

A

efflux pumps

58
Q

Beta-lactamase breaks __ ___ __; without the ring the drug cannot block peptidolycan synthesis (Effect on penicillin)

A

beta lactam ring

59
Q

microbe can ____ aminoglycosides; aids in resistance

A

acetylate

60
Q

enterococcus has changed D-Ala-D-Ala to D-Ala-D-Lac so that ____ cannot attach but works for cell wall

A

vancomyocin

61
Q

mutation, horizontal gene transfer, antibiotic resistant plasmids are all ___ ____

A

acquired resistance

62
Q

also acquired resistance can be caused by ____ of antimicrobials that selects for resistant strains

A

overuse

63
Q

____ use host cell machinery

A

viruses

64
Q

HIV: can use reverse trascriptase inhibitors to combat; AZT can be used to target viral ____ _____

A

DNA polymerases

65
Q

blocks influenze virus neuraminidase (budding protein) inhibits budding

A

tamiflu

66
Q

protease inhibitors can be used for ____ so that virus cannot make new viral strands

A

HIV

67
Q

fungal infections are hard to treat because they are ____

A

eukaryotes

68
Q

differences in fungi that can be targeted

A

sterold in membrane; chitin in cell wall; folate synthesis

69
Q

there can be __ or ____ mycoses depending on whether internal or external infection

A

superficial or systemic

70
Q

protozoans are hard to treats because they are _____

A

eukaryotic

71
Q

chloroquine is an antiprotozoan used for

A

malaria

microbiology (17 decks)

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