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microbiology > exam three (viruses) > Flashcards

exam three (viruses) Flashcards

1
Q

viruses are ____

A

aceullular

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2
Q

a virus particle is called ___ and can be DNA or RNA

A

virion

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3
Q

viruses can have a protective ____ from host cell (takes piece of host when it buds)

A

envelop e

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4
Q

viruses can exist outside or inside of a cell; where do they need to be to replicate

A

inside a cell

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5
Q

viruses can use all machinery or only some machinery from ____ (energy, metabolism, etc.)

A

host

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6
Q

viruses have a ____ ____ inside a capsid

A

nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)

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7
Q

nucleic acid and capsid together is called

A

nucleocapsid

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8
Q

an enveloped virus has host cell proteins and _____ proteins (has also a protective lipid bilayer)

A

virus

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9
Q

-the shape of virus is its _

A

symmetry

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10
Q

in a _____ virus the nucleic acid and structure around it are twisted

A

helical

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11
Q

polyhedron with 20 triangle faces

A

icosahedral

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12
Q

a _____ virus shape doesn’t fit into helical or icosohedral

A

complex

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13
Q

nakes viruses do not need

A

envelope

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14
Q

most of the envelope is made up of _____ constituents (but has viral proteins in envelope to be able to attach)

A

host

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15
Q

the genes of a DNA virus can be either ___ or ____

A

linear or cirular

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16
Q

The genes of an RNA virus can be ___ , ____ or ___

A

linear, circular or segmented

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17
Q

segmented RNA viruses have more than one piece of ___; can change readily

A

RNA

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18
Q

class I virus

A

double strand DNA

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19
Q

class II virus

A

single stranded DNA

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20
Q

class III virus

A

double stranded RNA

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21
Q

single stranded RNA class (IV)

A

is a plus or sense strand

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22
Q

the plus strand can be translated into ___

A

protein

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23
Q

single stranded RNA class (V)

A

minus or antisense strand

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24
Q

the antisense strand has to be repliacted before it can make ____

A

proteins

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25
Q

RNA class (VI)

A

retrovirus

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26
Q

DNA double stranded, gapped, reverse transcriptase

A

class VII

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27
Q

when the virus integrated into target cell it has to ____ its genome and make __ ____ to send off particles

A

replicate; virus proteins

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28
Q

dsDNA virus does the exact same replication as humans which means

A

transcription, translation into proteins

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29
Q

an ssDNA virus makes ____ as an intermediate

A

dsDNA

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30
Q

once the ssDNA virus has made its intermediate it makes ___ and ____

A

mRNA (translated into protein) and ssDNA (this is the genome of the virus)

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31
Q

the double stranded RNA makes a _____ intermediate (its necessary)

A

ssRNA

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32
Q

the double stranded RNA makes a _____ intermediate other than ssRNA

A

mRNA

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33
Q

the antisense strand of RNA makes an mRNA intermediate that can then be made into RNA

A
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34
Q

a retrovirus (ssRNA) becomes _____ to replacte

A

dsDNA

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35
Q

the retrovirus end products from dsDNA are ____ and ___

A

ssRNA and mRNA

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36
Q

hepadnaviruses (liver) they are ___ dsDNA (gapped) viruses makes ssRNA and mRNA

A

partial

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37
Q

use host to repliacte, translate genomes

A

DNA viruses

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38
Q

need to bring their own polymerases

A

RNA viruses

39
Q

five steps of replication cycle

A
  1. attachmemnt (adsorption)
  2. penetration (entry)
  3. synthesis
  4. assembly
  5. release (can bud or lyse)
40
Q

viruses that infect prokaryotic cells

A

bacteriophage

41
Q

a virulent phage ____; does lytic cycle

42
Q

a temperate phage is _____

43
Q

lysogenic conversion means virus brings something new to ____

A

genome (can be a virulence factor)

44
Q

from the moment of infection to lysis of bacterium from T4 phage is ___ min.

45
Q

Adsorption of the T4 phage has a very specific ____

46
Q

tropism is very specific towards different __ ___ ___ to attach

A

cell envelope components

47
Q

t4 likes ___ of E. Coli

48
Q

__ __ of T4 contract when it makes contact with LPS to pentrate and inject nucleic acid

A

tail fibers

49
Q

the baseplate of the t4 contact membrane in what phase

A

penetration or entry

50
Q

lysozyme dissolves

A

peptidoglycan

50
Q

the T4 phage releases ____ during entry, then injects DNA (without this; dna cannot enter)

A

lysozyme (allows it to get all the way through)

51
Q

DNA cannot get through ___ ___ without lysozyme

A

inner membrane

52
Q

DNA makes early mRNA, middle and late so that it can make

A

early, middle and late proteins

53
Q

the early mRNA’s ____ host cell machinery; degrade the host cell (taking immune defenses out of play)

A

commandeering

54
Q

the middle and late mRNA’s and late mRNA’s focus on _____ sturctural proteins, phage assembly

55
Q

late mRNA’s mostly but not entirely focus on __ ___

A

cell lysis

56
Q

___ is needed from bacterial cell to put DNA into head

57
Q

using phages to clear bacterial infections is called

A

phage therapy

58
Q

phages cannot infect ____

59
Q

phage therapy is restricted because of?

A

very very specific tropism

60
Q

eukaryotic viruses have similar stages of infection but what are the two differences

A

entire virion enters cell
eukaryotes have nucleus and organelles

61
Q

the eukaryotic viruses are looking for ____ or ____ as tropism

A

receptors or adhesions

62
Q

eukaryotic virus

the viruses use ___ ____ to attach and find target on host cell

A

spike proteins

63
Q

HIV has gp120 and gp41 that has tropism for immune cells; if a person does not express one of them (CCR5) then it cannot infect the human.

A

CD4 and CCR5 (need both to be infected)

64
Q

the host cell and enveloped virus cell will fuse and allow ____ to be put into cell

A

nucleocapsid

65
Q

eukaryotic

the non-enveloped virus will attach to receptor and be taken in by ___ __ ___

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

66
Q

the translation and replication of a eukaryotic virus can happen where

A

in nucleus or cytoplasm

67
Q

the virus has to deal with ____ in eukaryotic cell (nucleus, ER, ribosomes); has to take over machinery to do that

A

organelles

68
Q

HIV is a ssRNA ____ and has to make dsDNA to be functional so they bring their own __ ___

A

retrovirus; reverse transcriptase

69
Q

____ happens in a lot of envelope virus

A

budding (virus factories; does not kill cell )

70
Q

naked viruses typically ____ cell

71
Q

viruses without a doubt ____ cell function

72
Q

the virus can cause death of cell or _____

73
Q

a virus that lasts 1-2 weeks

A

acute infection

74
Q

a virus that lasts years and is never dormant

75
Q

an acute infection but then the virus stops replicating but is living in cell is a ___ virus; chickenpox and herpes simplex

76
Q

___ has all three stages of infection; acute then latent; reemerges as chronic infection

77
Q

Hepatitis C is ____

78
Q

viral infections can lead to cancer, common of ____

79
Q

virus will bring ____ or turns on ___ __ in your own cell

A

oncogene; proto-oncogene

80
Q

plant viruses are most ___ viruses

81
Q

first studied plant RNA virus

A

tobacco mosaic virus

82
Q

new and really large viruses typically effect

A

protozoa, amoeba or fungi

83
Q

pithovirus sibericum is the ____ virus

84
Q

a virus that can infect insects

A

baculovirus

85
Q

most viruses that infect archaeal are __DNA and have unusual morphologies

86
Q

ATV virus grows ___ at high temp to infect archaea

87
Q

infectious circular pieces of ssRNA; only infect plants

88
Q

viroids do not encode ___ and take no proteins from plant; only use plant to replicate

89
Q

satellite viruses require ___ ___ to infect plant (viroids)

A

helper virus

90
Q

proteinaceous infectious partice; abnormally folded and attach to normally folded proteins and cause normal ones to ____; this is the function of a

A

misfold; prion

91
Q

misfolded proteins ____ together and cause cell to misfunction

92
Q

bovine spongifrom encephalopathy (mad cow disease) is caused by ____ and misfolded proteins
in humans its called creutzfeldt-jakob disease

microbiology (17 decks)

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