exam four (human microbiome) Flashcards
how many more microbial cells are there than human cells
10x
total microorganisms colonizing our bodies; vital for our health
microbiome
what are the GI microbiota
bacteroidetes, firmicutes, and proteobacteria
each person has a ____ community of GI microbiota
unique (no one has the same microbiome)
the Gi micrbiota trains the _____ system
immune (turns it on or off of pathogens or good microbes)
the ____ is the set of microbes in an individual
enterotype
in the stomach ___ ____ colonize 50% of world population
helicobacter pylori
the pH of mucus layer at wall
6-7
_____ ____ causes ulcers in the stomach; untreated they cause inflammation (which can cause cancer)
helicobacter pylori
two bacteria in small intestine
enterococci and lactobacilli
the pH and O2 in the small intestine gets _____ as it moves down
lower
in the large intestine most bacterias are
anaerobes (facultative anaerobe: E. coli)
in the large intestine what archaea can live there
methanogens
in the large intestine what yeast can live there
candida
the ____ ____ axis is the association between NT and microbes; the brain and the GI tract
gut-brain
____ is an enzyme in your mouth that breaks down petidoglycan
lysozome
the ____ microbiota is the most variable in nutrients and pH
oral
there are around ____ species present in biofilms on teeth and gums
750
___ ____ is a firmicute that can degrade tooth surface
strep. mutans
highly colonized area thta contains staph. aureus (in the nose) and streptococci (gram - cocci)
upper respiratory tract
area that is not highly colonized; when it is infected it causes reduced airflow
lower respiratory tract
in the lower respiratory tract has a ____ ____ that traps microbes and moves them out
mucocilliary escalator
the ____ urinary tract is usually sterile (flow of urine and immune cells make this possible)
upper
the ____ urinary tract is colonized (gram -) women are more likely to get UTI (4cm urethra)
distal
lactobacillus acidophilus is in the female genital tract to (lots of microorganisms)
keep pH low (around 5)
____ microbiota of men is less understood (circumcision makes a difference)
penis
the skin microbiota is influenced by many variables
sweat, weather, health, age , pets, personal hygiene
sweat has ___ ____ which limit the growth of their own target type of microbe
antimicrobial peptides
four main bacteria of the skin microbiota; which makes up half
actinobacteria, proteobacteria, firmicutes, bacteroidetes; actinobacteria
the microbes that are attached to our skin provide barrier to infections, how?
by blocking pathogens through competitive exclusion
everything (tissues) deep to the skin/ epidermis should be
sterile
a vaginal birth has ___ % species same as mother vs. ___ in C-section
72; 42
breast milk has what bacteria
lactobacillus and bifidobacterium
the bifidobacterium longum helps the baby
digest complex breast milk polysacc. (mutualism)
by __ years old toddlers have adult-like microbiome
3
microbiomes are stable; ____ species retention year-to-year
70%
there are more ___ and less ____ as we get old
bacteroidetes and firmicutes
disruption of the homeostasis between microbiota and host
dysbiosis
there is a correlation between age and _____ loss in microbiome
diversity
chronic gut inflammation causes altered gut microbiota
IBD
colonic microbiota die with
antimicrobial treatment
when colonic microbiota die then _____ can overgrow and it produces a ____
C. difficle; toxin
the psuedomembranous colitis that is overgrown causes
inflammatory lesions
perforation
shock
death
C. diff is a ____ pathogen
oppurtunistic
the microbiota in the ____ mouse cannot stop fermentation and creates volatile fatty acids
obese
The microbiota having regulation in gut for fermentation can be cause of
obese vs. lean
what bacteria lead to dental caries through fermentation of acidic producst
strep. mutans
chronic inflammation, destruction of gums; decrease in diversity
periodontis
proprionibacterium acnes causes
acne
vaginal dysbiosis: causes odor, discharge
vaginosis
vaginal dysbiosis: inflammatory infection; decrease in lactobacilli
vaginitis
a growth of candida in vagina is due to
trichomonas vaginalis
changes that require return to homeostasis in microbiome
perturbations
plant nutrients we cannot digest but fermentative gut microbes can (feed the good microbes)
prebiotics
prebiotics and probiotics together are
symbiotics
