exam four (clinical microbiology) Flashcards
isolate and identify pathogenic microorganisms from specimens
clinical microbiologist
a ____ sample looks for antibodies ot antigens using agglutination (immunological assay)
blood
molecular assays can be divided into
antigen assays and molecular assays
non-pathogens; general safety standards (PPE as needed); a door and a sink level
BSL-1
human disease, moderate hazard “indigenous”; restricted access; autoclave for waste
BSL-2
idigenous or exotic; serious or lethal disease by respiratory transmission; medical surveillance, controlled access
BSL-3
dangerous and exotic; high risk of aerosol transmission
BSL-4
what samples can come from needle aspiration
blood, CSF, urine
potentially infected human material collected for testing
clinical sample
there can be an issue with urine collection if there is not a __ ____ midstream (because of normal flora)
clean catch
the ____ being clean and inserted correctly can be accurate
catheter
the ____ sample for things like pneumonia need to come from deep in the lungs which will show long columnar epithelial cells
sputum
three collections from wounds or abcesses
swab, needle aspiration, biopsy/surgical removal
for ____ the transport vile needs to be sealed and specific to the microbe
anaerobes
bacteria grow quickly so transportation needs to be quick and should be ____ to stop growth
refrigerated
direct examination; staining
microscopy
detect presence of pathogen using immunofluorescence is _____
direct (looks for pathogen)
detecting the presence of antibodies to pathogen with immunofluorescence
indirect
the lab will add an ___ to a slide which will show up fluorescent and attach to the _____ (this allows us to identify the specific microbe); direct
antibody; antigen (shows pathogen is there and causing harm)
The antibody in _____ is maybe coming from patient and then it will be added to bacteria on plate; a secondary antibody will be bought to attach to the patients antibody (if patients antibody attached to bacterium then the secondary antibody will attach to the patient antibody)
indirect (says antibodies are there meaning pathogen could be there or has been there)
you can grow viruses in culture but it takes awhile and youre looking for _____ effects (changes in the cell that show virus is present)
cytopathic
fungal media will have colony morphology that look _____
fuzzy
most ____ are intracellular parasites and very difficult to grow; usually identify by microscopy not growth
protozoans
gas production is an indicator of ____ change (visible changes based off biochem.)
metabolic
important for figuring out what antimicrobial to prescribe
antimicrobial susceptibility testing
phages specific for specific species of bacteria ; test range of of phages on a lawn of unknown bacteria (plaques will form is susceptible; show where phages destroy bacterium)
bacteriophage typing
skin tests that check for antibodies to pathogen or antigens of pathogen (TB)
serology
____ are highly specific (used to defend you) they are lock and key fits to antigens ; each strain of microorganism is specific
antibodies
_____ can show antibodies that are in the blood by clumping with the antigen
agglutination
the western blot separates protein based on size and then antibody is added into the membrane; what will the antibody do
the antibody will lock and key fit to the protein we’re looking for
if the antibody stuck to the protein a 2° antibody will stick to the original antibody; the enzyme attached to the 2° will form an _____ product; which then sticks to the membrane (western blot); when the western blot is washed the antibodies and protein will stick
insoluble
HIV proteins on a western blot would be
gp41 and p24
the ___ EIA looks for the presence of antigen in patient sample
direct
the _____ EIA looks for antibody from patient sample
indirect
The antibody in EIA is attached to solid-phase support surface and then the patient sample is added; the antigen will attach if present and the 2° antibody will attach to the antigen from the patient; secondary has enzyme which makes ____ if the antigen is present in patient
a soluble color changed product
the indirect EIA surface is coated with antigen; the patient sample may have ____ which attach to the antigen; secondary antibody will attach to patient antibody and creates soluble color change (the more antibody the darker the color change)
antibodies
on the test line there is a ____ antibody; but the tagged antibody is ____
fixed; mobile
(rapid test_ the fixed antibody will attach to the the mobile antibody/ antigen complex; then the control line says
the assay worked (the test line shows presence of antigen)
the probe in nucleic acid test will only attach to ss ___ or ____ from microbe (may not be active infection; microbe could be dead and release DNA)
DNA or RNA
the nucleic acid test can be detected by what three pathways
color change, fluorescence, radioactivity
measure levels of specific DNA fragments or RNA; measure intensity (how much DNA is present )
quantitative PCR
tests for metabolites and lipids
gas-liquid chromatography
superseding phenotypic tests; identify metabolites and proteins
mass spectroscopy
_____ take a sample that is introduced to bioreceptors which interact with interface and create a electric current
biosensors
