exam two (archaea) Flashcards
archaea are found in _____ environments and humans
extreme
archaea are _____ but not bacteria (no membrane bound nucleus)
prokaryotic
no archaea to date are ____ forming; they are difficult to grow and characterize
spore
the archaea have what kind of chromosomes and some _____
circle; plasmids
archaea have NAG or NAM?
NAG
instead of peptidoglycan archaea have
psuedomurein
The peptides of archaea cell wall come off of
fake NAM
archaea have L,D or both amino acids in cell wall
L only
proteins and glycoproteins attached to cell wall in archaea is called
s layer
archaea typically have only one ___ __
cell membrane
archaea have ___ _____ similar to bacteria
gene organization
plasmids of archaea are _____ like bacteria
supplemental
replicating DNA of archaea is similar to ___ (circular)
bacteria
the proteins of replication in archaea are similar to ______ (RNA polymerase and initiation proteins)
eukaryotes
gene promoter sequences of archaea are similar to ____
eukaryotes
gene regulation and organization of archaea are similar to
bacteria
the archaea are ____ ribosomes
70S
archaea have a ____ response to drugs
eukaryotic
archaea have no ___ ____ organelles like bacteria
membrane bound
the replication, translation and transcription of archaea are a mix with proteins like _____ but processes like _____
bacteria; eukaryotes
crenarchaeota are _____ philes and survive past ____
thermo; 100°C
most of the crenarchaeota are dependent upon and metabolize _____
sulfur
what archeae phyla could be found in volcanoes and hot aquatic habits
crenarchaeota
thermophile; aerobic and irregularly lobed (pleomorphic); can grow up to 90°C and pH 1-5
sulfolobus
how do sulfolobus matabolize sulfur compounds
attach to sulfur crystals
thermophile; growth optimum at 90°C, with no S-layer but has an outer cell membrane and inner membrane
ignocccus
between inner and outer membrane of ignococcus there are
membrane bound vessicles and a periplasm like substance
____ archaea can be known as halophiles
euryarchaeota
most diverse group; contain methanogens and thermoplasms (like acids) with no cell wall and hyperthermophiles
euryarchaeota
require salt conc. between 9-32% (thrive between 12-23)
halophile
euryarchaeota; halophile containing archaerhodopsin associated with retinal
halobacterium salinarum
the ____ in halobacterium changes configuration and allows archaea to pump out H+ from cell and allows the cell to make energy (using single photon of light)
retinal
euryarchaeota; ____ have a range of habitats and produce methane (can be found in animal intestines)
methanogens
producing methane is an exclusive activity of
archaea
what is the model methanogen
methanocaldococcus jannaschii
methanocaldococcus jannaschii has metabolism and cell division genes like ____
bacteria
methanocaldococcus jannaschii has transcription and translation genes like ______
eukaryotes
methanopyrus are found in hydrothermal vents and can grow at _____; to withstand this temp. it has unique membrane ____
122°C; lipids
what is the unique membrane of methanopyrus
unsaturated double bonds
euryachaeotes; grow in high acid, have no cell wall and have LPS-like lipoglycan membrane
thermoplasms
ferroplasma has no ___ ____ and is a thermoplasm
cell wall
picrophilus are the most extreme and has a cell wall but can withstand pH below
0
euryarchaeotes; a hyperthermophile that is in hydrothermal vents and contains some methanogenisis genes but lost most
archaeoglobus
used to be part of chrenarc. but they are not thermphilic; they can grow in low nutrients and metabolize ammonia
thaumarchaeota
thaumarchaeota has ______ a very specific lipid that contains ring structures for stability
crenarchaeol
has one species identified: nanoarchaeum equitans
nanoarchaeota
the nanoarchaeum equitans are symbiotic with ____ ; needs it to survive
ignicoccus hospitalis
are found in geothermal habitats, only one characterized species
korarchaeota
lokiarchaeota, aigarchaeota, and bathyarchaeota are identified but not characterized, why?
cannot be grown and replicated because of difficult environments
the upper limit of life at high temperatre us 150°C why?
thats when ATP hydrolyzes
archaea are able to survive what two molecules
ATP, NADH
the archaea have ____ cores (less likely to fold), alpha helices, chaperones (heat shock proteins); what do these help them stabilize?
hydrophobic; proteins
halophiles requires ___ to stabilize proteins
K+
archaea stabilize lipids how
tetraethers and unsaturated phytanals (double bond)
how do archaea stabilze rRNA
higher GC count
how do archeae stabilize DNA
reverse, DNA gyrase, addition of solutes, and DNA binding proteins (histone like)
positive supercoils in hyperthermophiles are called
reverse DNA gyrase
