exam one Flashcards
microbes can be both ___ and ____
beneficial, detrimental
what are the cellular entities that can be studied in microbiology
fungi, protists, bacteria, archaea
what are the acellular entities that can be studied in microbiology
viruses, viroids, virusoids, and prions
what acellular entity has protein and nucleic acid
viruses
what acellular entity has RNA (no proteins and infects plants by damaged tissue
viroids
what acellular entity has RNA and have to work with viruses to infect
virusoids
what acellular entity has protein only and no nucleic acid
prions
____ are highly conserved throughout a species
ribosomes
prokaryotes have _ rRNA
16S
eukaryotes have _ rRNA (carl woese)
18s
what are the 3 domains of life (carl woese)
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
the 3 domains of life are built off of differences of their ____
ribosomes
archaea are not ___
bacteria
who is the father of microbiology
antony van ludenberg
what is the notion that living organisms can develop from nonliving matter
spontaneous generation
who discredited spontaneous generation (meat in three containers: uncovered had maggots, covered with paper had no maggots, covered with gauze had maggots on surface of guaze)
francesco redi
if dust and particles don’t get into a reaction flask what was found (louis pasteur)
no spontaneous generation
who said that dust carries germs
john tyndall
what is the germ theory
microbes come from microbes
what allowed us to isolate suspected pathogens to isolate them as cause of disease
kochs’s postulate
to find the causitive agent the initial culture and final culture must be ____
identical
koch’s postulates also showed that ____ cause disease
microbes
penicillin discovery
alexander fleming
antiseptic surgery
joseph lister
wash hands with calcium chloride to get rid of childbed fever
ignaz semmelweis
unique to gram positive bacteria, they are extremely resistant, dormant seeds (form within a bacterium)
endospores
endospores have ____ so that they can give rise to a fully functioning bacterium (has layers of membranes and protection)
DNA
when a bacterium is active and replicating that is called
vegetation cycle
forming a spore is called
sporulation
the sporulation replicates completely, there is a full copy of ___; mother cell has two full copies of DNA
DNA
When the mother cell ___ it releases the endospore
lyses
The free endospore waits for a ___; when it finds a host it goes into a ____ phase (where conditions are favorable)
host, germination
the endosymbiotic theory
large eukaryotic cell swallowed small prokaryote (have symbiotic relationship)
what does a gram stain result tell you
what cells are gram - (pink) and gram + (purple)
what is the counterstain which stains gram - cells
safranin
what stain stains all cells purple (gram - and gram +)
crystal violet
iodine is the ____ step in gram staining and acts as a _____
second, mordant
a chemical that forms insoluble complexes with a dye (Covalent bond)
mordant
decolorizing with alcohol (20 sec.) means that which cells will lose color
only gram -
gram __ cells have a peptidoglycan wall that is 10x thicker than gram ___
positive, negative
meshlike polymer composed of identical subunits
peptidoglycan
the two structural sugars for the peptidoglycan backbone are (they alternate every other)
NAG and NAM
the chains of linked peptidoglycan subunits are ____ ____
cross linked
peptide links that attach to the backbone, only attach to the ____ sugar
NAM
monomer of peptidoglycan is
NAG, NAM and a peptide link on NAM
the peptide link is _ amino acids long
4
the __ amino acid of the peptidoglycan is unique because it is the only one found in nature
D
_ amino acids are much more resistant to chemical attacks by peptidases
D
DAP is found in only
gram -
DAP is replaced by ____ in gram +
L-lysine
___ direct peptide cross links with D-alanine (in Gram -)
DAP
in gram + there is no direct ____ link
peptide
in gram + one peptide ( L-lysine) connects to ______ structure
interbridge
tichoac and lipotichoic acid are present in gram _
+
The D- alanine is repeated in the monomer of peptidoglycan, as a ___
backup
the peptidoglycan reacts with _____, which stays in the membrane (the phosphate group on bactoprenol specifically attached)
bactoprenol
what enzyme flips monomer and bactoprenol to other side of membrane
flippase
____ glues in backbone (links peptides); facilitates cross linking
transglycosylase
reaction that forms cross links is called
transpeptidation
penicillin inhibits the ____ of the peptide strands and stops it from building peptidoglycan (hits gram + harder)
cross linking
the penicillin binding protein _____ the cross linking (transpeptidase)
catalyzes
______ digest peptidoglycan in order to help bacterium grow
autolysin (breaks peptide bonds to insert more monomer strands)
thick peptidoglycan cell wall, teichoic acid and lipotechoic acid
gram +
teichoic and lipotechoic acid are ___ triggers for host
immune
covalently links proteins to peptidoglycan; attachs lipo and techoic acid to gram + bacterium
sortase
thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane contains LPS and porins; has very protective outer membrane so it doesn’t need thick peptidoglycan
gram -
in the gram stain the alcohol ____ the membrane, so the gram _ will dehydrate first because it has less peptidoglycan
dehydrate, -
the O-specific-polysac. is an ____; a focal point for your immune system, it is an identifier for a pathogen (apart of LPA)
immunogen
Lipid A is an ____ and it is toxic (apart of LPA) when immune system starts to break it down it is toxic even as an exotoxin
endotoxin
cell wall functions in microbe
support cell shape, protect from toxic substances, osmotic protection, contribute to pathogenicity, immune system recognition, target for antimicrobials
examples of cell wall contributing to pathogenicity (ability to cause infection)
LPS (endotoxin) and peptidoglycan (NAG residues trigger immune response and are toxic)
immune system recognition examples
pathogen associated molecular pattern (turn on immune system, recognized by PRRs —> pattern recognition receptors (on phagocytes))
one step secretion process for gram + and gram - bacteria, works to get protein into periplasm
sec secretion
a type II secretion starts in ____and moves proteins out of gram - into extracellular fluid
periplasm
tat pathway is for ____ proteins
folded
sec is for ____ proteins
non folded
need two step secretion for gram _ bacteria
negative
a type V pathway is ____ step
two
in type V , protein makes it own channel and is called an _____; uses sec then its own channel
autotransporter
type I, III IV, VI are ____ step secretion pathways
one
most proteins in gram - bacteria are secreted in type ___
I
IV is a ____ transporter
DNA
III IV, VI move into ____, span 3 membranes
host
III is a _____ transport
toxin
prokaryotic cells have membrane bound organelled, true or false?
false
no defining membrane but holds DNA in prokaryotic
nucleoid
prokaryotic cells have a membrane and a ___ ___
cell wall
bacteria have ____ in their cytoplasmic membrane which acts similar to our cholesterol (stabilizes membrane by adding to rigidity)
haponoids
bacteria and eukaryotes have a fatty acid tail and glycerol linkage, called an _____ linkage
ester
what prokaryotic cells have an ether linkage connecting their glycerol and fatty acid tails (an ether linkage is more stable and allows less chemical activity
archaea
archae libe in _____ environments
extreme
on fatty acid tails archaea have _____ groups which are unique, they also can be either ___ or mono layered
isoprene, bi
enahanced stability for archaea coming from attaching their fatty acid tails which is done by creating /____
tetraethers
no outer membrane on gram + or -
gram positive
_____ acid attaches to phospholipid in membrane; goes all the way through thick peptidoglycan
lipoteichoic
outer membrane and thin peptidoglycan is what bacteria
gram -
the peptidoglycan in gram - bacterium is found in
periplasm
the gram - bacterium has ____ that allow thing to move into periplasm
porins
prokaryotes: one component of the cytoskeleton forms rings at the center of cells when they are dividing and forms a septum for dividng
FtsZ (like human tubulin)
prokaryotes have ___ in rods (but not cocci) maintains rod shape and aligns peptidoglycan
MreB
in prokaryotes, storage spaces for glycogen, gas and protein, they provide an energy source and have specialized functions (no defining phospholipid layer)
inclusion bodies
storage of magnetic material, created when membrane invaginates, bound by phospholipid bilayer
magnetosome
in prokaryotes only organelles needed for survival will be unbound, so magnetosomes are membrane bound, true or false
true
have circular chromosome and no histones (have proteins that compact DNA but not histones)
bacteria
have circular chromosomes but some have histones
archaea
small, closed circular DNA molecules, independent of chromosomes and replicate on their own
plasmids (prok. can have a lot or none)
genes (<5%) in plasmids are usually not essential but offer a ____ ____
selective advantage (antibiotic resistance, virulence, metabolism)
toxins that kill competing bacteria
bacteriotoxins
prokaryotes have ___ which prevent phagocytosis and antibody recognition
capsules
bacteria or cells capture, digested and degraded, what is this process
phagocytosis
____ and ____ are both structures on the outside of the prokaryote
pili and flagella
peritrichous prokaryote (lots of flagella) are moved forward by what
counterclock wise movement of bundled flagella
the flagella spread apart and the cell tumbles (clockwise rotation)
and then the counterclock wise movement happens again
polar (unidirectional) flagellum of prokary.
when there is a CCW rotation, cell runs and CW rotation causes the cell to reverse
polar (Reversible )
CCW cell runs, CW rotation, cell reverses
what bacteria have periplasmic flagella
spirochetes
flagella has a ___ ___ that extends through membrane(s) and comes out to surface ans attaches to a ____ which attaches to the _____ (made up of flagellin protein)
basal body (is a motor), hook, filament
flagellar assembly is characterized by
putting a basal body togther with a hook, everything adds to the tip of the flagellum (growth from tip not base)
proton motive forces drive the ____ ____ as a motor
basal body
movement toward or away from a chemical, chemoreceptors recognize chemicals
chemotaxis
when there is a ____ attractant runs are longer towards chemoattrac. however tumbles are still random (tumbles are also shorter and stopped if they are in the wrong direction)
chemo
sec secretion is found in all bacteria true or false?
true
spanning one membrane is enough for gram +
sec
type II pathway takes protein from sec and moves that protein through periplasm, ___ ____ and into extracellular space
outer membrane
the type VI secretion pathway has two confirmations and spans into ____
host
archael cell walls have no ______
peptidoglycan
The cell wall of archaea have ______; made up of protein and glycoprotein called S layers
pseudomurein
The Pseudomurei has NAG or NAM
NAG
NAM is replaced by (in archaea)
N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid
In archaea there are no L or D amino acids
D
Fungal cell walls are simple, made up of long chains of ______, has chitin
polysaccharides
Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup is a mnemonic for
somain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genius, species
proteobacteria are gram _ and are the _____ phylum
negative, largest
there are 5 classes of proteobacteria
alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon
