exam four (epidemiology)

Question 1

study of occurence, distribution, control of health and disease

Answer 1

epidemiology

Question 2

disease occurs randomly, irregularly

Answer 2

sporadic

Question 3

disease that is constantly present at low level

Answer 3

endemic (malaria: africa)

Question 4

sudden, unexpected occurrence

Answer 4

outbreak

Question 5

outbreak affecting a large population

Answer 5

epidemic

Question 6

global epidemic

Answer 6

pandemic

Question 7

first patient

Answer 7

index case

Question 8

incidence of a disease

Answer 8

morbidity (#cases/ pop)

Question 9

incidence of death

Answer 9

mortality (#deaths/ pop.)

Question 10

incidence of death among affected

Answer 10

case fatality rate ( # deaths / # confirmed cases)

Question 11

small mutations in virulence factors (help avoid immune system)

Answer 11

antigenic drift

Question 12

major chnage in antigenic character of virulence factor

Answer 12

antigenic shift

Question 13

immune system targets ___ of pathogen

Answer 13

antigen

Question 14

____ has a segmented genome which are each considered a chromosome there are 8

Answer 14

influenza

Question 15

influenza can infect with multiple strains by ____ of chromosomes (all types of influenza can infect an organism at the same time)

Answer 15

reassortment

Question 16

using antigenic ____ influenza can make new strands and survive much longer

Answer 16

shift

Question 17

source of infectious agent can be living or non-living

Answer 17

reservoir

Question 18

human source of infection; has the pathogen but is not sick

Answer 18

carrier

Question 19

animal disease that can be transmitted to humans

Answer 19

zoonosis

Question 20

organism that transmites disease from one host to another

Answer 20

vector (ticks and fleas)

Question 21

inanimate objects that are contaminated

Answer 21

fomite

Question 22

non living (mobile) substance

Answer 22

vehicle

Question 23

infection acquired in the hospital

Answer 23

nosocomial infection (HAI: healthcare associated infection)

Question 24

three other sources of pathogens

Answer 24

water, food, soil

Question 25

two groups of people not fully immune competent

Answer 25

newborns and elderly

Question 26

person to person modes of transmission

Answer 26

direct contact, indirect contacts, airborne droplets

Question 27

vehicle modes of tranmission

Answer 27

waterborne, foodborne, airborne, soilborne

Question 28

host defense, nutrition, genetic predisposition and stress all play a role in

Answer 28

host susceptibility

Question 29

innate or induces resistance to a pathogen

Answer 29

immunity

Question 30

most of population is immune, which protests small group of non-immune

Answer 30

herd immunity

Question 31

when there is low herd immunity

Answer 31

it is easy for pathogen to spread through population

Question 32

if the pathogen is too virulent the host may die before transmission and if its not virulent enough the host will clear it; they have to find a

Answer 32

equilibrium

Question 33

initial introduction of a pathogen causes “explosive infection” but then the host ___ increases and the pathogen ____ decreases: equilibrium

Answer 33

resistance; virulence

Question 34

step one of control of infection cycle

Answer 34

eliminate and reduce vehicles and reservoirs (treating reservoirs and isolating carriers)

Question 35

step two of control of infection cycle

Answer 35

reduce number of susceptible hosts (immunization)

Question 36

step 3 of control of infection cycle

Answer 36

interrupt transmission

Question 37

step 4 of control of infection cycle

Answer 37

eradicate the pathogen