Exam I Concepts

Question 1

CNS Depressant

Answer 1

Ex. Alcohol

Can cause breathing to stop, drowsiness, slow rxn

Best taken at night

Question 2

CNS Excitant

Answer 2

Ex. Caffeine

May cause seizure, loquaciousness, insomnia, anxiety d/t increased electrical activity in brain

Best taken in the morning

Question 3

Pyramidal Neurons

Answer 3

Initiate voluntary muscle movements

CNS

Question 4

Extrapyramidal neurons

Answer 4

Initiate involuntary muscle movements

CNS

Question 5

Acute dystonia

Answer 5

Severe sudden spasm of large muscle groups

Ex. Torticollis (head turned to side), oculogyric crisis (upward gaze)

CNS

Question 6

Akathisia

Answer 6

Severe restlessness

Most common

CNS

Question 7

Parkinsonism

Answer 7

Slow movements, tremors, loss of facial expression, drooling, shuffling gate, pill rolling

CNS

Question 8

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 8

BECOMES PERMANENT

Slow onset of abnormal mouth movements, grimacing, twisting movements

CNS

Question 9

Anticholinergic meds

Answer 9

Ex.Diphenhydramine

Can’t see
Can’t spit
Can’t pee
Can’t sh*t

PNS

Question 10

Dry mouth side effect

Answer 10

Teeth rot d/t excess bacteria

Question 11

Remedy for anticholinergic side effects

Answer 11

Eye drops, sunglasses for vision

H2O, sugarless candy for dry mouth

Voiding b/f taking medication for urine retention

Exercise, fiber for constipation

PNS

Question 12

Orthostatic hypotension remedy

Answer 12

Change positions slowly
Drink h20
Wear support socks

CV

Question 13

Torsades de pointes

Answer 13

Prolonged QT rhythm—> ventricular fibrillation

CV

Question 14

Upset stomach

Answer 14

Ex. NSAIDS

irritate stomach lining—> ulcer

GI

Question 15

Constipation

Answer 15

Ex. Opioids

Should take anticonstipation meds beforehand

GI (but also PNS)

Question 16

Neutropenia

Answer 16

Loss of WBC

Hematological

Question 17

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 17

Loss of platelets

Hematological

Question 18

Hemolytic anemia

Answer 18

Loss of RBC

Hematological

Question 19

Precautions for hematological side effects

Answer 19

Reversed isolation, electric razor, soft bristled toothbrush

Question 20

Hepatotoxicity tests

Answer 20

ALT
AST

Range 1-36 to determine liver failure

Question 21

Symptoms of liver failure

Answer 21

Jaundice
Anorexia
Upper abdominal pain
Nausea/vomiting/diarrhea
Dark urine
Increased need for sleep
Clay colored stool
Encephalitis/ecchymosis

Ex. statins often damage liver

Question 22

Tests to monitor kidney function

Answer 22

BUN 10-20

Creatinine 0.5-1.5

Question 23

Anaphylactic shock

Answer 23

Severe allergic rxn w/bronchiospasm and drop in BP

Must be treated w/epinephrine

Question 24

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 24

Absorption into blood stream
Distribution into cells/tissues
Metabolism in liver (or blood, lungs, GI lining)
Excretion via kidneys

Question 25

Children and drugs risks

Answer 25

1. BBB not fully developed
2. liver and kidneys not fully developed
3. smaller in size and weight

Question 26

Older adults and drug risks

Answer 26

1. polypharmacy (warning! cyp enzyme metabolism!)
2. reduced liver and kidney function
3. reduced albumin levels

Question 27

Albumin function

Answer 27

Ex. warfarin w/narrow therapeutic index highly protein bound

Drugs bound to protein albumin inactivated to lower drug levels in the blood

Question 28

Pregnant women and drug risks

Answer 28

1. severe nausea/vomiting affect absorption
2. liver and kidney function increase which decreases absorption
3. medications reach baby

Question 29

Teratogen

Answer 29

“monster maker”

Highly harmful drugs that cause birth defects. Category X most dangerous
Activated vaccines must be avoided during pregnancy!!