Exam 7 part 4

Question 1

Biodiversity

Answer 1

can be thought of as the tree of life, describes the evolutionary relationships among all forms of life

Question 2

Genetic diversity

Answer 2

total genetic information contained within all individuals of a species

Question 3

How is genetic diversity measured?

Answer 3

the number and relative frequency of all alleles present in a species

Question 4

Reduction in genetic diversity

Answer 4

important for micro evolution - reduces the possibilities for adaptation to a changing environment

Question 5

In conservation genetic diversity:

Answer 5

helps for identifying species or sub species as taxonomy is important in wildlife protection laws
Helps determine past history of population or species, bottleneck, inbreeding

Question 6

species diversity

Answer 6

measured as the number and relative frequency of species in a particular region

Question 7

bar coding

Answer 7

use of a well characterized gene sequence to identify distinct species, use phylogenetic species concept

Question 8

Taxonomic diversity

Answer 8

important for species diversity because some lineages in the tree of life are extremely species rich while other lineages are extremely species poor

Question 9

What 2 approaches are used to estimate the total number of species?

Answer 9

Surveys of species rich groups at small sites (taxon specific surveys) or surveys of all the species present in a particular region (all taxa surveys)

Question 10

Example of All Taxa Survey

Answer 10

census of marine life

Question 11

Endemic species

Answer 11

species that are found in a particular area and nowhere else

Question 12

Biodiversity hotspots

Answer 12

regions that contain at least 1500 endemic plant species from which 70% of the traditional or primary vegetation has been lost - most urgent need for conservation, highest return for investment

Question 13

The stability of a community refers to its ability to do the following:

Answer 13

withstand disturbance without changing
recover to former levels of productivity or species richness after a disturbance
maintain productivity and other aspects of ecosystem function as conditions change over time

Question 14

resistance

Answer 14

a measure of how much a community is affected by a disturbance

Question 15

resilience

Answer 15

a measure of how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance

Question 16

Communities that are more diverse are…

Answer 16

more productive, more resistant, more resilient

Question 17

ecosystem services

Answer 17

collectively all the direct and indirect benefits that humans derive from org and ecosystems they compose

Question 18

provisioning services

Answer 18

raw materials - food, fiber, fuel, medicine, genetic resources

Question 19

Cultural services

Answer 19

enrich quality of life - aesthetics, recreation, education, spiritual value, human mental and physical health

Question 20

Regulating services

Answer 20

part of Earth’s life support system - climate moderation, soil formation, erosion control, O2 and CO2 regulation, water capture, water purification, air cleaning, flood control, storm mitigation, waste decomp, bioremediation

Question 21

Supporting services

Answer 21

enable all the other ecosystem services - primary productivity, nutrient cycling, pollination, biological control

Question 22

Why do we have a moral obligation to protect the earth?

Answer 22

org have instrinsic worth, industrialized nations are responsible for most of the harm, deprivation of ecosystem services to future generations

Question 23

endangered species

Answer 23

species whose numbers have decreased so drastically that it is almost certain to go extinct without effective conservation efforts

Question 24

What is causing extinction

Answer 24

habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, overexploitation, climate change

Question 25

Ways humans cause habitat destruction

Answer 25

logging and burning forests, grazing livestock, filling in wetlands, development