Exam 3 chapter 31

Question 1

The green plants consist of

Answer 1

Green algae and land plants

Question 2

What kind of ecosystem services do plants provide

Answer 2

• Enhance life-supporting attributes of the physical, nonliving components of an ecosystem
Produce oxygen
• Build soil by providing food for decomposers
• Hold soil and prevent erosion by wind and water
• Water retention in soil
Moderate climate by providing shade with windbreaks

Question 3

Land plants are the dominant ___ in terrestrial ecosystems

Answer 3

Primary producers

Question 4

What important resources do plants provide for humans

Answer 4

•	Food 
•	Fuel
•	Fibers
•	Building materials 
Medicines

Question 5

How do biologists study green plants

Answer 5

• Comparing morphological traits
• Analyzing the fossil record
Estimating phylogenetic trees based on DNA sequences from homologous

Question 6

Most green algae are

Answer 6

Aquatic

Question 7

Most land plants are

Answer 7

terrestrial

Question 8

The transition from aquatic to terrestrial life occurred when land plants evolved from what

Answer 8

Multicellular green algae

Question 9

What structures in green algae and land plants tell us that they are closely related

Answer 9

Similar chloroplast structure
Thylakoid arrangements are similar
Cell walls, sperm, and peroxisomes similar in structure and composition

Question 10

What three major phyla are plants grouped into

Answer 10

Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)
Seedless vascular plants
Seed plants

Question 11

Which phyla are mosses in

Answer 11

non vascular plants

Question 12

Which phyla are angiosperms in

Answer 12

seed plants

Question 13

The reproductive cells of plants are called

Answer 13

spores

Question 14

The sheets of waxy coating that helped prevent dessication are called

Answer 14

cuticle

Question 15

Why is prevention of dessication an important early innovation

Answer 15

Dessication means removing the moisture from something. It’s important to prevent moisture loss from plants because they need moisture to survive

Question 16

What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperm

Answer 16

Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), whilegymnospermshave no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves.Gymnospermseeds are often configured as cones.

Question 17

which appeared first in the fossil record to which appeared last.

Answer 17

Green algae, nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, seed plants

Question 18

Describe adaptations that prevented water loss from cells

Answer 18

The cuticle is a watertight sealant that covers the aboveground parts of the plants and gives them the ability to survive in dry environments. It’s a waxy layer that prevents water loss from stems and leaves
Stomata: consists of an opening called a pore surrounded by specialized guard cells. The pore opens and closes as the guard cells change shape. Gas exchange is accomplished through the pore

Question 19

Describe adaptations that provided protection from UV irradiation

Answer 19

Most plants make and accumulate compounds that absorb UV light. These compounds act as sunscreen and protect the plant’s DNA

Question 20

Describe adaptations that helped move water from tissues with direct access to water to tissues without direct access

Answer 20

Growing upright plants had to be able to transport water against gravity and stay upright despite gravity and wind. They were able to do these things with the help of vascular tissue. A characteristic of vascular tissue is the presence of lignin in the walls of water-conducting cells. 
Tracheids also evolved (they are complex supportive and water-conducting tissues. Long, thin, tapering, water-conducting cells)
Vessel elements (most specialized type of water-conducting cell) are shorter and wider than tracheids. They have gaps on both ends where both cell walls are missing

Question 21

Which pair of morphological traits is used to define the three categories into which land plants are classifieda.

Answer 21

Whether or not the plants contain vascular tissue, and whether or not they produce seeds

Question 22

Plants must take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis, but the waxy substance that covers the plant to prevent water loss also prevents the exchange of gases. What structure found in modern plants is the solution to this problem

Answer 22

stoma

Question 23

Why are we discussing green algae along with the land plants

Answer 23

Land plants evolved from green algae and they have a lot of similar characteristics

Question 24

Which species colonized terrestrial environments first, plants or animals

Answer 24

plants

Question 25

In what way are plants “primary producers

Answer 25

They harvest the energy from the sun using photosynthesis to produce sugar and oxygen from CO2

Question 26

Describe the process of plant domestication

Answer 26

Humans started about 10,000 years ago with completely wild plants and selected traits that they liked in those plants and after awhile those plants change to become the way humans wanted them to

Question 27

What are some ways that biologists can study plants

Answer 27

Fossil record
Genetics
Morphological traits

Question 28

In what ways are green algae similar to land plants

Answer 28

Chloroplasts are similar

Thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts are similar

Question 29

What are the three primary groups of land plants and how are they differentiated based on morphology

Answer 29

Seedless vascular
Nonvascular
Seed plants (angiosperms and gymnosperms)

Question 30

What does the fossil record tell us about the evolution of land plants

Answer 30

Plants originated Sylerian Devonian explosion – all modern innovations of plants evolved during this Carboniferous was next – coal deposits in swamps now we are to current day – angiosperm radiation