Exam 2 objective questions Flashcards
Which monophyletic group contains fungi and animals?
Fungi and animals are monophyletic; their group is Opisthokonta (ones with flagella in back).
What is it about fungal infections in humans harder to treat than bacterial infections?
We are so closely related to fungi that anything that affects fungi negatively will affect us negatively.
How do fungi eat?
Absorption using their hyphae
What are the 2 growth forms exhibited by fungi?
Unicellular (yeasts) and multicellular
What are hyphae?
each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus
What are septa?
“cross walls” of hyphae. Divides hyphae into cells. Usually perforated
Coenocytic hyphae
no septa
Describe what is meant by EMF and AMF.
EMF = Ecotomycorrhizal fungi (grows on the outside of a plant) AMF = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (grows into the roots of a plant)
How do fungi affect plants?
• Parasitic relationships, symbiotic relationships, etc.
Where does digestion take place in fungi?
Outside of the body. Thefungusbreaks down the complex material by secreting digestive enzymes throughtheircell wall that will digestthe complex organic compounds and convert them into simple molecules that can readily be transported throughtheircell walls.
What is the role of fungi in the carbon cycle?
• Break things down that are difficult for other organisms to break down; cellulose and lignin.
What are some ways that fungi benefit humans?
• FOOD <3, medications, beer and wine, decomposers, etc.
Give examples of how fungi act as parasites or pathogens.
- Ringworm
- Athletes foot
- Cordyceps fungi
- Lots of plant diseases (Dutch Elm Disease and Chestnut Blight)
Spore
Part that disperses to get to a new location to start a new body
Give examples or characteristics of the six major groups of fungi
- Microsporidia – small, parasitic
- Zygomycetes – molds
- Chytrids – flagella
- Glomeromycota – lots of AMF
- Basidiomycetes – EMF, most mushrooms we eat are in this group, big colorful ones in forest, club fungi, yeasts
- Ascomycota – truffles, sac fungi, lichens, yeasts
When did animals first show up in the fossil record?
600mya
Why is the Cambrian Explosion significant for animal diversity?
550mya this occurred, higher oxygen levels may have caused this. A lot of the diversification today came from this.
What are key traits for animals?
Multicellular Mobility Heterotroph Muscles and nerves Digest food internally
In a phylogeny of animals, what is the outgroup? Most basal group?
Outgroup is Choanoflagellates (most closely related to animals). Most basal group is sponges (Porifera).
What are key characteristics of sponges?
Sessile
Live in aquatic systems
They filter feed; they are suspension feeders
What is the difference between diploblasts and triploblasts? At which point on the phylogenetic tree did each trait evolve?
Diploblasts only have two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) while triploblasts have three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). Ctenophores and Cnidarians are diploblasts, and the rest below are triploblasts.
Which groups are radially symmetrical?
Ctenophores and Cnidarians have radial symmetry
All below have bilateral symmetry EXCEPT echinoderms
What is the advantage of bilateral symmetry?
Central nervous system development is linked to bilateral symmetry (brain, and other important things). It enables effective movement in purposeful and intentional directions for the animal and more
Which animal phylum is the most species?
Arthropods
What are the challenges associated with transitioning from water to land?
Needed to be able to:
• Exchange gases
• Avoid drying out
• Hold up their bodies under their own weight
What are the differences between protostomes and deuterostomes?
- Protostomes develop mouth before anus. Blocks of mesoderm hollow out to form the coelom
- Deuterostomes devlop anus before mouth. Pockets of mesoderm pinch off to form coelom
Which three traits are used to identify an animal as a lophotrochozoan
• Lophophore
• Throcohpore larva
Spiral cleavage
What traits do you associate with rotifers
• Rotifers live in damp soils and marine and freshwater environments. They have a coelom and are less than 1mm long. Although they are are lophotrochozoans, they have neither a lophophore nor a trochophore.
What traits do you associate with platyhelminthes
• Platyhelminthes are flatworms. They have a broad, flattened body shape, are unsegmented, lack a coelom.
What traits are associated with annelids
Annelids are segmented worms
What traits are associated with mollusks
• Mollusks have a muscular foot, visceral mass and mantle. They also have a radula (feeding structure that functions like a rasp or file, sharp plates). The mollusks lineages are bivalves (clams and mussels), gastropods (slugs and snails), chitons (mollusks with plated dorsal shells), and cephalopods (squids and octupuses)
What are the key parts of a mollusk? What is a radula?
The three key parts of a mollusk are the muscular foot, visceral mass and mantle. A radula is a feeding structure mollusks use that functiosn like a rasp or file. Sharp plates scrape material so that it can be ingested.
What are the four groups of mollusks?
Bivalves (clams and mussels), Gastropods (slugs and snails), Chitons (mollusk with plated dorsal shells), and Cephalopds (squids and octopuses)
What traits are associated with bivales
• clams and mussesls. Have a protective calcium carbonate shell with two parts that is hinged and closes using muscles attached to the valves. All bivalves can sense gravity, touch and certain chemicals. Most are suspension feeders. Only mollusks without a radula.
What traits are associated with gastropods
slugs and snails. Named for a large muscular foot on their ventral side
what traits are associated with chitons
mollusk with plated dorsal shells. Have a radula.
what traits are associated with cephalopods
squids and octopuses. Well developed head, foot that is modified to form long, muscular tentacles. Most have large brains. Giant squid included here. Have a radula and a beak
How do ecdysozoans grow?
by molting
What are the four main ecdysozoan phyla?
Arthropoda
Nematoda
Onychophora
Tardigrada
what traits are associated with onychophorans
segemented body and limbs but no exoskeleton or jointed appendages. Also called velvet worms. Small, caterpillar-like
what traits are associated with tardigrades
segmented body and limbs but no exoskeleton or jointed appendages. Also called water bears. Microscopic animals
what traits are associated with nematodes
roundworms. Unsegmented worms that have a tube-with-a-tube body plan and no appendages
What are the three main groups within Arthropods?
Chelicerata
Myriapoda
Insecta
What are the three traits associated with arthropods?
Jointed appendages
Chitinous exoskeleton
Segmented bodies