Exam 2 objective questions

Question 1

Which monophyletic group contains fungi and animals?

Answer 1

Fungi and animals are monophyletic; their group is Opisthokonta (ones with flagella in back).

Question 2

What is it about fungal infections in humans harder to treat than bacterial infections?

Answer 2

We are so closely related to fungi that anything that affects fungi negatively will affect us negatively.

Question 3

How do fungi eat?

Answer 3

Absorption using their hyphae

Question 4

What are the 2 growth forms exhibited by fungi?

Answer 4

Unicellular (yeasts) and multicellular

Question 5

What are hyphae?

Answer 5

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

Question 6

What are septa?

Answer 6

“cross walls” of hyphae. Divides hyphae into cells. Usually perforated

Question 7

Coenocytic hyphae

Answer 7

no septa

Question 8

Describe what is meant by EMF and AMF.

Answer 8

EMF = Ecotomycorrhizal fungi (grows on the outside of a plant)
AMF = Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (grows into the roots of a plant)

Question 9

How do fungi affect plants?

Answer 9

• Parasitic relationships, symbiotic relationships, etc.

Question 10

Where does digestion take place in fungi?

Answer 10

Outside of the body. Thefungusbreaks down the complex material by secreting digestive enzymes throughtheircell wall that will digestthe complex organic compounds and convert them into simple molecules that can readily be transported throughtheircell walls.

Question 11

What is the role of fungi in the carbon cycle?

Answer 11

• Break things down that are difficult for other organisms to break down; cellulose and lignin.

Question 12

What are some ways that fungi benefit humans?

Answer 12

• FOOD <3, medications, beer and wine, decomposers, etc.

Question 13

Give examples of how fungi act as parasites or pathogens.

Answer 13

• Ringworm
• Athletes foot
• Cordyceps fungi
• Lots of plant diseases (Dutch Elm Disease and Chestnut Blight)

Question 14

Spore

Answer 14

Part that disperses to get to a new location to start a new body

Question 15

Give examples or characteristics of the six major groups of fungi

Answer 15

• Microsporidia – small, parasitic
• Zygomycetes – molds
• Chytrids – flagella
• Glomeromycota – lots of AMF
• Basidiomycetes – EMF, most mushrooms we eat are in this group, big colorful ones in forest, club fungi, yeasts
• Ascomycota – truffles, sac fungi, lichens, yeasts

Question 16

When did animals first show up in the fossil record?

Answer 16

600mya

Question 17

Why is the Cambrian Explosion significant for animal diversity?

Answer 17

550mya this occurred, higher oxygen levels may have caused this. A lot of the diversification today came from this.

Question 18

What are key traits for animals?

Answer 18

Multicellular
Mobility 
Heterotroph 
Muscles and nerves 
Digest food internally

Question 19

In a phylogeny of animals, what is the outgroup? Most basal group?

Answer 19

Outgroup is Choanoflagellates (most closely related to animals). Most basal group is sponges (Porifera).

Question 20

What are key characteristics of sponges?

Answer 20

Sessile
Live in aquatic systems
They filter feed; they are suspension feeders

Question 21

What is the difference between diploblasts and triploblasts? At which point on the phylogenetic tree did each trait evolve?

Answer 21

Diploblasts only have two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm) while triploblasts have three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). Ctenophores and Cnidarians are diploblasts, and the rest below are triploblasts.

Question 22

Which groups are radially symmetrical?

Answer 22

Ctenophores and Cnidarians have radial symmetry

All below have bilateral symmetry EXCEPT echinoderms

Question 23

What is the advantage of bilateral symmetry?

Answer 23

Central nervous system development is linked to bilateral symmetry (brain, and other important things). It enables effective movement in purposeful and intentional directions for the animal and more

Question 24

Which animal phylum is the most species?

Answer 24

Arthropods

Question 25

What are the challenges associated with transitioning from water to land?

Answer 25

Needed to be able to:
• Exchange gases
• Avoid drying out
• Hold up their bodies under their own weight

Question 26

What are the differences between protostomes and deuterostomes?

Answer 26

• Protostomes develop mouth before anus. Blocks of mesoderm hollow out to form the coelom
• Deuterostomes devlop anus before mouth. Pockets of mesoderm pinch off to form coelom

Question 27

Which three traits are used to identify an animal as a lophotrochozoan

Answer 27

• Lophophore
• Throcohpore larva
Spiral cleavage

Question 28

What traits do you associate with rotifers

Answer 28

• Rotifers live in damp soils and marine and freshwater environments. They have a coelom and are less than 1mm long. Although they are are lophotrochozoans, they have neither a lophophore nor a trochophore.

Question 29

What traits do you associate with platyhelminthes

Answer 29

• Platyhelminthes are flatworms. They have a broad, flattened body shape, are unsegmented, lack a coelom.

Question 30

What traits are associated with annelids

Answer 30

Annelids are segmented worms

Question 31

What traits are associated with mollusks

Answer 31

• Mollusks have a muscular foot, visceral mass and mantle. They also have a radula (feeding structure that functions like a rasp or file, sharp plates). The mollusks lineages are bivalves (clams and mussels), gastropods (slugs and snails), chitons (mollusks with plated dorsal shells), and cephalopods (squids and octupuses)

Question 32

What are the key parts of a mollusk? What is a radula?

Answer 32

The three key parts of a mollusk are the muscular foot, visceral mass and mantle. A radula is a feeding structure mollusks use that functiosn like a rasp or file. Sharp plates scrape material so that it can be ingested.

Question 33

What are the four groups of mollusks?

Answer 33

Bivalves (clams and mussels), Gastropods (slugs and snails), Chitons (mollusk with plated dorsal shells), and Cephalopds (squids and octopuses)

Question 34

What traits are associated with bivales

Answer 34

• clams and mussesls. Have a protective calcium carbonate shell with two parts that is hinged and closes using muscles attached to the valves. All bivalves can sense gravity, touch and certain chemicals. Most are suspension feeders. Only mollusks without a radula.

Question 35

What traits are associated with gastropods

Answer 35

slugs and snails. Named for a large muscular foot on their ventral side

Question 36

what traits are associated with chitons

Answer 36

mollusk with plated dorsal shells. Have a radula.

Question 37

what traits are associated with cephalopods

Answer 37

squids and octopuses. Well developed head, foot that is modified to form long, muscular tentacles. Most have large brains. Giant squid included here. Have a radula and a beak

Question 38

How do ecdysozoans grow?

Answer 38

by molting

Question 39

What are the four main ecdysozoan phyla?

Answer 39

Arthropoda
Nematoda
Onychophora
Tardigrada

Question 40

what traits are associated with onychophorans

Answer 40

segemented body and limbs but no exoskeleton or jointed appendages. Also called velvet worms. Small, caterpillar-like

Question 41

what traits are associated with tardigrades

Answer 41

segmented body and limbs but no exoskeleton or jointed appendages. Also called water bears. Microscopic animals

Question 42

what traits are associated with nematodes

Answer 42

roundworms. Unsegmented worms that have a tube-with-a-tube body plan and no appendages

Question 43

What are the three main groups within Arthropods?

Answer 43

Chelicerata
Myriapoda
Insecta

Question 44

What are the three traits associated with arthropods?

Answer 44

Jointed appendages
Chitinous exoskeleton
Segmented bodies