Exam 7 part 2 Flashcards
Batesian mimicry
one dangerous one harmless
Muellerian mimicry
both danergous
top down control hypothesis
predation or disease limits herbivores
bottom up hypothesis
plants provide poor nutrition or are well defended against herbivory
Coevolutionary arms race
consumers evolve traits that increase their efficiency, prey evolve traits that make them unpalatable or elusive
Examples of mutualism
mycorrhizae/plant, cleaner fish, leafcutter/fungus, pollination, seed dispersal, coral reefs, anemonefish/ anemone
Why are species being altruistic
the benefit of both species is a side effect of one species trying to get everything they can get out of the other species
Mutualism can also be known as
reciprocal exploitation
theory of island biogeography
species richness should be higher on:
larger islands than smaller islands
near shore islands vs. remote islands
Why arent some species abundant in some geographic areas?
geographical constraints over history
disturbance
any event that removes some individuals or biomass from a community - alters resource availability
What impacts the impact of disturbance
type, frequency, severity
disturbance regime
distubances occur with a predictable frequency and severity in a community
succession
the recovery, the development of communities, that follows severe disturbance
primary succession
occurs when a disturbance removes the soil and its org, as well as org that live above the surface
secondary succession
occurs when a disturbance removes some or all of the org from and area but leaves soil intact
successional pathway
the sequence of species that appear over time - pioneering, early successional community, mid successional community, climax community
3 factors determining the pattern and rate of species replacement
particular traits of species involved, how the species interact, historical and environmental circumstances (size of area, weather conditions)
keystone species
has a much greater impact on the surrounding species than its abundance would suggest
Why are the tropics more diverse than the temperate regions
high productivity hypothesis, energy hypothesis, area and age hypothesis, intermediate disturbance hypothesis
high productivity hypothesis
hight productivity = high diveristy
Energy hypothesis
high temp increases productivity and the likelihood that organisms can tolerate the physical conditions in a region
area and age hypothesis
tropical regions have had more time and space for speciation than other regions
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
regions with a moderate type, frequency, and severity of disturbance should have high species richness and diversity
Ecosystem ecology
studies the flow of energy and nutrients through ecosystems
