Exam 7: OVERALL DRUGS Flashcards
What is the mechanism of action of amphetamines?
sympathomimetic: increases release of NE and DA (low doses), blocks NE and DA reuptake, inhibits monoamine oxidase (high doses)
What is the mechanism of action of cocaine?
sympathomimetic: blocks reuptake of NE (motor effects) and DA (euphoria), local anesthetic properties
What is the mechanism of action of MDMA (Ecstacy, Molly)
sympathomimetic: stimulates release and inhibits reuptake of epinephrine, NE and DA
What is the mechanism of action of Xanthines (caffeine, theophylline)
Unsure- moves IC Calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum, inhibits phosphodiesterase, adenosine receptor antagonist
What is the mechanism of action of psychostimulants: methylphenidate (ritalin, concerta) and amphetamines (dexedrine, adderall)
ADHD; enhances DA and Ne release, activates prefrontal and limbic cortices (focus and maintenance of attention at low doses), activate cortex involved in motor activity (at high/toxic doses)
What is the mechanism of action of atomoxetine?
Adult ADHD; selective NE reuptake inhibitor, elevates DA levels in prefrontal
What is the mechanism of action of galanatamine?
AD; Inhibits AChE, stimulates nicotinic cholinergic neurons to release more ACh
What is the mechanism of action of Rivastigmine?
AD; inhibits both AChE and BuChE
What is the mechanism of action of tacrine?
AD; inhibits AChE
What is the mechanism of action of mermantine?
Moderate-severe AD; NMDA receptor agonist
What is the mechanism of action of Modafinil?
Narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorders; Increases release of DA from striatum and nucleus accumbens, Increase NE release from hypothalamus; Increase 5HT release from amygdala; Elevates hypothalamic HA, activates glutaminergic circuits, inhibits GABAergic NTmission
What is the mechanism of action of Halothane
inhalation anesthetic (vapor)
What is the mechanism of action of isoflurane?
Inhalation anesthetic (vapor)
What is the mechanism of action of Sevoflurane?
inhalation anesthetic (vapor) HIGH POTENCY
What is the mechanism of action of nitrous oxide?
inhalation anesthetic, must be used with other anesthetics because MAC is 104
What is the mechanism of action of barbiturates and benzodiazepines (anesthetics-wise)?
injectable anesthetic, facilitates GABA induced chloride entry into neurons –> CNS depression
What is the mechanism of action of propofol?
injectable anesthetic, must be given as an emulsion
What is the mechanism of action of ketamine?
injectable anesthetic, NMDA glutamate receptor, rapid onset and short duration of action
What is the mechanism of action of opioids (for anesthesia) (fentanyl, sulfentanil)
injectable anesthetic, high potency and short actin
What is the mechanism of action of TCAs (desipramine, imipramine)
blocks reuptake of NE and/or 5HT. depipramine: NE-selective, imiparmine: NE and 5HT
What is the mechanism of action of MAOIs (phenelzine)
irreversibly blocks MAO-A (NE and 5HT) and MAO-B (DA)
What is the mechanism of action of SSRIs (fluoxetine, sertraline, escitalopram)
blocks reuptake of 5HT from synapse –> can trigger actions postsynaptically or bind to autoreceptors and inhibit more 5HT release
What is the mechanism of action of venlafaxine?
Blocks 5HT and NE reuptake; efficacy increases with dose… 5HT –> NE –> DA
What is the mechanism of action of Mirtazapine
blocks presynaptic alpha2 receptors on NE neurons and 5HT increasing both levels
What is the mechanism of action of Ketamine (antidepressant)
NMDA antagonist
What is the mechanism of action of Lithium Carbonate
effects postsynaptic neuron- alters gene expression implicated in long-term neuroplastic events–>long term mood stabilization
What is the mechanism of action of valproic acid (bipolar)?
anticonvulsant
What is the mechanism of action of carbamazepine?
anticonvulsant
What is the mechanism of action of haloperidol?
D2 antagonist
What is the mechanism of action of risperidone?
atypical antipsychotic
What is the mechanism of action of olanzapine?
atypical antipsychotic
What is the mechanism of action of tetrabenazine?
monoamine depleting agent, inhibits transport into presynaptic vesicles
What is the mechanism of action of cloazril?
atypical antipsychotic, D4 antagonist
What is the mechanism of action of valproic acid (Huntington’s disease)?
anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer –> enhances GABA effects
What is the mechanism of action of lithium (HD)?
enhances reuptake of 5HT and NE, affects postsynaptic D@ receptor
What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines (HD)?
antianxiety med
What is the mechanism of action of barbituates (phenobarbital, pentobarbital, thiopental) (anxiolytic-sedative-hypnotic)
binds to multiple isoforms of GABAa receptor, increases DURATION of GABA channel opening
What is the mechanism of action of Benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam) (anxiolytics-sedative-hypnotic)?
Binds to multiple isoforms of GABAa receptor, increases FREQUENCY of GAB channel opening (allosterically)
What is the mechanism of action of flumazenil?
Benzo binding site antagonist; used in case of benzo overdose
What is the mechanism of action of zolpidem?
Non-benzo benzo-receptor agonist, selectively binds certain subtypes of GABAa receptor
What is the mechanism of action of buspirone?
partial agonist of 5HT1a receptor + affinity for D2 DA receptor?
What is the mechanism of action of ramelteon?
MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptor agonist at suprachiasmatic nuclei
