Exam 2 metabolism of neurotransmitters

Question 1

What is the enzyme for synthesis of acetylcholine

Answer 1

Choline acetyltransferase

Question 2

What is the enzyme for degradation of acetylcholine

Answer 2

acetylcholine esterase

Question 3

What is the enzyme for synthesis of gulamate?

Answer 3

Glutaminase

Question 4

Is glutamate generally inhibitory or excitatory?

Answer 4

excitatory

Question 5

Is GABA typically inhibitory or excitatory?

Answer 5

Inhibitory

Question 6

What is the enzyme for synthesis of GABA?

Answer 6

glutamic acid decarboxylase

Question 7

What is the enzyme for glycine and what amino acid is its derivative?

Answer 7

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase; serine

Question 8

What is the amino acid derivative of serotonin?

Answer 8

tryptophan

Question 9

What does breakdown of biogenic amines (dopamine) result in?

Answer 9

homovanillic

Question 10

What proteins do botox poisons act on?

Answer 10

vesicle docking proteins (SNARE)

Question 11

What is faster at moving down an axon: peptide neurotransmitter or small-molecule neurotransmitter

Answer 11

Peptide NT

Question 12

How does lidocaine work?

Answer 12

block Na+ channels

Question 13

how does DOPA work in treating neurological issues?

Answer 13

Increases dopamine production

Question 14

How do methamphetamines cause their effects?

Answer 14

increase the release of dopamine and serotonine

Question 15

How does cocaine cause its effect?

Answer 15

prevents reuptake of dopamine

Question 16

What are the different glutamate receptors? Excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 16

AMPA, NMDA (excitatory) and metabotropic receptors (inhibitory)

Question 17

What kind of channel is GABAa?

Answer 17

chloride channel, hyperpolarizes the cell

Question 18

What kind of channel is GABAb?

Answer 18

metabotropic receptor, inhibits adenylyl cyclase, augments K channels

Question 19

What neurotransmitter receptors do benzodiazapines target?

Answer 19

GABA receptors to cause sedation

Question 20

What would be the effect of removing GABA influence?

Answer 20

increase the amount of action potentials causing muscles to fire rapidly

Question 21

What is the effect of Glycine?

Answer 21

Inhibitory NT of the spinal cord and brainstem, allows Cl- inside the cell

Question 22

What are the two dopamine receptors and what is their effects?

Answer 22

D1= stimulate motor unit, D2= inhibits motor unit

Question 23

How does dopamine interacting with D2 receptors cause its effects?

Answer 23

suppresses GABA release

Question 24

What are the functions of the dopamine pathway?

Answer 24

Reward, pleasure, fine tuning motor function

Question 25

What is the effect of norepinephrine?

Answer 25

acts via alpha2 receptors to increase potassium conductance--> hyperpolarizes cell

Question 26

What are the two serotonin receptors and their effects?

Answer 26

5HT2a is metabotropic and is inhibitory. 5HT3 is ionotropic and excitatory

Question 27

What are the targets of SSRIs?

Answer 27

5HT2a receptors, creating an anti-depressant effect

Question 28

What are the functions of the serotonin pathways?

Answer 28

Mood, memory processing, sleep, cognition

Question 29

How do opioids work?

Answer 29

suppress pain by interacting with a u (mew) receptor, decreasing calcium and cAMP

Question 30

What part of the CNS does opioids work on?

Answer 30

spinal cord

Question 31

What are the main categories of neurotransmitter?

Answer 31

Biogenic amines (acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, etc.) and Neuropeptides (opioid peptides, glucagon-related peptides)

Question 32

What criteria is used to ID a neurotransmitter?

Answer 32

NT is present in presynaptic terminal, NT is released during AP, NT interacts with receptors, NT has an application that can be agonist or antagonist

Question 33

What are key features of the NMDA receptor?

Answer 33

has 7 subunits, is a sodium channel (excitatory), can be activated by glutamate

Question 34

What is an excitotoxin?

Answer 34

able to over excite the neuron and causes too much calcium and sodium to enter the cell leading to swelling with H2O and cell death

Question 35

What is the major inhibitory NT of the brain?

Answer 35

GABA and glycine

Question 36

How is GABA synthesized?

Answer 36

Glutamate --(glutamic acid decarboxylase and pyridoxal phsophate)-->GABA

Question 37

what amino acid is the precursor to catecholamine biosynthesis?

Answer 37

tyrosine

Question 38

how are catacholamines inactivated in the synapse?

Answer 38

inactivated via methylation and oxidation

Question 39

what is the pathway of serotonin biosynthesis?

Answer 39

Tryptophan --(tryptophan hydroxylase)--> 5-HTP --(5-HTP decarboxylase)--> serotonin (5-HT)

Question 40

What are the products of norepi and dopamine catabolism?

Answer 40

Norepinephrine breaks down into vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and dopamine breaks down into homovanillic acid (HVA)

Question 41

What is anandamide?

Answer 41

an endocannabinoid that is created in the post-synaptic neuron and transported retroactively to the pre-synaptic neuron (Retrograde messenger)

Question 42

What is the rate limiting step of catacholamine synthesis?

Answer 42

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 43

What is pathway of acetylcholine synthesis?

Answer 43

acetyl-CoA + choline --(choline acyltransferase)--> acetylcholine

Question 44

What is pathway of acetylcholine degradation

Answer 44

Acetylcholine + H2O--(acetylcholine esterase)-->acetate + choline

Question 45

What is pathway of opioid metabolism

Answer 45

Pre-propeptide is proteolyzed down into small peptides