Exam 4: Autonomic innervation of the eye Flashcards
How does the ANS affect pupil diameter?
symp increases, parasymp decreases
What do ciliary bodies do?
contracted by parasympathetics to focus the eye
How does the ANS affect aqueous humor accumulation?
formation stimulated with sympathetics, outflow increased by parasympathetics
What are the mydriatic agents?
Phenylephrine, Atropine, Amphetamine, Cocaine
What can mydriatic agents cause that is bad for the patient in the eye?
Closed angle glaucoma
What are the miotic agents?
Pilocarpine, acetylcholine, terazosin, physostigmine, nicotine
What are two ways to test for intact sympathetic nervous system?
Cocaine and amphetamine
What does lack of pupil dilation when patient is treated with cocaine indicate?
defect in sympathetic innervation (Horner Syndrome)
What does pupil dilation with treatment of amphetamines indicate?
postganglionic nerve is present and there’s a problem upstream of the synapse, most likely in CNS
What are agents that increase aqueous humor outflow for glaucoma?
Pilocarpine (muscarinic agonists), Latanaprost (prostaglandins), Epinephrine
What are agents suppressing aqueous humor production
Timolol (Beta andrenergic antagonists), Aproclonidine (alpha 2 adrenergic agonist), Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor)
What defects can cause ptosis?
Motor nerve damage (occulomotor), Sympathetic nerve damage (Horner’s Syndrome), skeletal muscle dysfunction (botulism, muscular dystrophy)
