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Exam 1 Nervous system infectious disease Flashcards

1
Q

Name major defenses of nervous system

A

bony casing of the brain and spinal cord, CSF provides cushion, BBB

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2
Q

What are microglial cells derived from?

A

monocyte cells that are resident macrophages in CNS

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3
Q

Describe microglial cells

A

inflammatory macrophages that participate in the innate immune response to a pathogen and activate T lymphocytes via antigen presentation

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4
Q

What TLRs do microglial cells express?

A

TLR2 and TLR9

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5
Q

What major pathogens does TLR2 detect?

A

Peptidoglycans, lipoproteins, gram-positive bacteria, trypanosomes, mycobacteria/other bacteria

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6
Q

What major pathogens does TLR9 detect?

A

HSV, bacterial DNA, dinucleotides, malaria parasite heme product

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7
Q

What are the normal biota of the CNS?

A

It’s a sterile environment

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8
Q

What is the worst form of meningitis?

A

Bacterial

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9
Q

Define meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

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10
Q

What is the way to diagnose meningitis?

A

lumbar puncture, CSF is gram-stained and potentially cultured

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11
Q

What are common symptoms of meningitis

A

photophobia, headache, painful and/or stiff neck, fever, increased WBC in CSF

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12
Q

What is the treatment for N. meningitidis

A

ceftriaxone

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13
Q

What should you begin treatment for with a patient with meningitis

A

N. meningitidis because it’s so serious- ceftriaxone immediately

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14
Q

What are the major causes of bacterial meningitis

A

N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, L. monocytogenes

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15
Q

What are the fungal causes of meningitis?

A

C. neoformans, Coccidioides immitis

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16
Q

What is viral meningitis called?

A

aseptic meningitis

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17
Q

Describe Neisseria meningitidis meningitis

A

Gram (-) diplococci, epidemic form, most acute, starts in upper respiratory

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18
Q

Describe Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis

A

Most common community-based meningitis, acquired often secondary to other problems (decreased immune system), will become a problem if infected via systemic issue without a spleen

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19
Q

Describe Haemophilus influenzae meningitis

A

Gram (-),Human only, starts as respiratory infxn

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20
Q

Describe Listeria monocytogenes meningitis

A

Gram (+), immunocompromised patients

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21
Q

Describe Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis

A

Fungal, chronic, reservoir: birds (pigeons), often occurs in urban areas

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22
Q

Describe Coccidioides immitis meningitis

A

Fungal, usually found in SW USA, can cause osteomyelitis

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23
Q

What is the usual cause of neonatal/infant meningitis?

A

infection of the fetus by the mother in utero or during passage through the birth canal (most common). Most commonly GBS (S. agalactiae and E. coli K1 strain)

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24
Q

What individuals does meningitis prefer to infect?

A

Individuals with immature immune systems (premature babies)

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25
What are the most common neonatal/infant causes of meningitis?
Streptococcus agalactiae, Cronobacter sakazakii, E. coli
26
Describe Streptococcus agalactiae
Group B strep, found in 10-30% of female reproductive tracts, most common cause of infant meningitis, TREATMENT: IV antibiotics during birth
27
Describe E. coli strain that causes meningitis in infants
K1-strain usually affecting premature babies, 20% mortality
28
Describe Cronobacter sakazakii causing meningitis
Gram (-) bacilli, most commonly in environment, outbreaks usually associated with contaminated infant formula, mortality as high as 40%
29
Describe meningoencephalitis
Encephalitis that involved meninges which are closely connected
30
What usually causes meningoencephalitis?
Two amoebas: Naeglaria fowleri and acanthamoeba, can also be caused by accidental parasites
31
How are individuals usually infected with N. fowleri?
found in warm bodies of water that usually are forced into the nasal cavity and infect the olfactory nerve
32
How are individuals usually infected with Acanthamoeba?
infects through a break in the skin
33
What almost always causes acute encephalitis?
Almost always a viral infection
34
What are the most common viral causes of acute encephatlits?
Arboviruses and herpesviruses
35
What are the most common symptoms of acute encephalitis?
Behavior changes, confusion, decreased consciousness and seizures
36
What is the empiric treatment for acute encephalitis? What are you trying to treat?
Acyclovir to treat HSV-1 and HSV-2
37
What are the main arboviruses that cause acute encephalitis in north america?
St. Louis encephalitis, Eastern equine, western equine, la crosse, west nile
38
What strains of herpesvirus cause acute encephalitis?
1 and 2, but less commonly vericella
39
What viruses cause acute encephalitis?
HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, JC virus (immunocompromised individuals)
40
What are major causes of post-infectious encephalitis?
Measles, other childhood rash-associated diseases. Usually infect about 2 weeks after clearing initial system
41
What is the most common cause of subacute encephalitis?
TOXOPLASMA gondii. Other causes: measles virus (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis), prions.
42
What is the average incubation of rabies?
1-2 months, depends on the wound site and inoculation dose
43
What are symptoms of rabies infection?
fever, headache, vomiting, fatigue and other nonspecific symptoms
44
What are acute symptoms of rabies?
agitation, disorientation, seizures and twitching. Followed by hydrophobia and progressively worse neurological symptoms
45
What kind of virus is the causative agent of rabies?
ssRNA (-) virus, class V
46
What are the major reservoirs of rabies virus?
wild animals, raccoons, skunks, coyotes, foxes and bats
47
What is the mode of transmission of rabies?
Virus present in saliva enters body through wound from a bite
48
How do you diagnose rabies?
Observation of tissue sample from rabid animal or postmortem human exam using immunological tests
49
What is the tell-tale sign of rabies under microscope?
Negri bodies in cytoplasm of nerve cells
50
What is the treatment of those infected with rabies?
Passively immunized with rabies immune globulin (injected both IM and at site of bite. Patient is then given immunization with inactivated rabies virus prep
51
Describe infection by polio virus
Poliomyelitis; acute enteroviral infection of spinal cord that causes neuromuscular paralysis.
52
Describe tetanus infection and how it causes its effects
Clostridium tetani (gram + endospore-forming rod) releases a toxin that causes swelling in vegetative cell
53
What is the treatment of tetanus?
immunoglobulin against toxin and Penicillin G to kill bacteria
54
Describe the treatment of tetanus and how it works
Immunoglobulin will kill all toxins, will not dislodge any toxins, but as long as you treat the bacteria during acute symptoms you can survive
55
What causes death during tetanus?
paralysis of respiratory muscles
56
What is the difference between tetanus and botulinum poisoning?
Tetanus causes muscle rigidity, botulinum causes flaccid paralysis
57
What is the treatment to botulism?
Immunoglobulin against toxin, toxin vaccines
58
How does the botulinum toxin assert its effects?
Decreasing release of acetylcholine
59
Is E. coli gram+ or gram-?
Gram- bacillus
60
Is streptococcus agalactiae gram+ or gram-?
Gram+ cocci
61
Is Cronobacter sakazakii gram+ or gram-? how are people most commonly infected with it?
Gram- bacillus; most commonly in contaminated baby formula powder

Neuro Med (39 decks)

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