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Neuro Med > Exam 1 Nervous system infectious disease > Flashcards

Exam 1 Nervous system infectious disease Flashcards

1
Q

Name major defenses of nervous system

A

bony casing of the brain and spinal cord, CSF provides cushion, BBB

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2
Q

What are microglial cells derived from?

A

monocyte cells that are resident macrophages in CNS

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3
Q

Describe microglial cells

A

inflammatory macrophages that participate in the innate immune response to a pathogen and activate T lymphocytes via antigen presentation

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4
Q

What TLRs do microglial cells express?

A

TLR2 and TLR9

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5
Q

What major pathogens does TLR2 detect?

A

Peptidoglycans, lipoproteins, gram-positive bacteria, trypanosomes, mycobacteria/other bacteria

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6
Q

What major pathogens does TLR9 detect?

A

HSV, bacterial DNA, dinucleotides, malaria parasite heme product

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7
Q

What are the normal biota of the CNS?

A

It’s a sterile environment

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8
Q

What is the worst form of meningitis?

A

Bacterial

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9
Q

Define meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

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10
Q

What is the way to diagnose meningitis?

A

lumbar puncture, CSF is gram-stained and potentially cultured

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11
Q

What are common symptoms of meningitis

A

photophobia, headache, painful and/or stiff neck, fever, increased WBC in CSF

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12
Q

What is the treatment for N. meningitidis

A

ceftriaxone

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13
Q

What should you begin treatment for with a patient with meningitis

A

N. meningitidis because it’s so serious- ceftriaxone immediately

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14
Q

What are the major causes of bacterial meningitis

A

N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, L. monocytogenes

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15
Q

What are the fungal causes of meningitis?

A

C. neoformans, Coccidioides immitis

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16
Q

What is viral meningitis called?

A

aseptic meningitis

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17
Q

Describe Neisseria meningitidis meningitis

A

Gram (-) diplococci, epidemic form, most acute, starts in upper respiratory

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18
Q

Describe Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis

A

Most common community-based meningitis, acquired often secondary to other problems (decreased immune system), will become a problem if infected via systemic issue without a spleen

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19
Q

Describe Haemophilus influenzae meningitis

A

Gram (-),Human only, starts as respiratory infxn

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20
Q

Describe Listeria monocytogenes meningitis

A

Gram (+), immunocompromised patients

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21
Q

Describe Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis

A

Fungal, chronic, reservoir: birds (pigeons), often occurs in urban areas

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22
Q

Describe Coccidioides immitis meningitis

A

Fungal, usually found in SW USA, can cause osteomyelitis

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23
Q

What is the usual cause of neonatal/infant meningitis?

A

infection of the fetus by the mother in utero or during passage through the birth canal (most common). Most commonly GBS (S. agalactiae and E. coli K1 strain)

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24
Q

What individuals does meningitis prefer to infect?

A

Individuals with immature immune systems (premature babies)

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25
Q

What are the most common neonatal/infant causes of meningitis?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae, Cronobacter sakazakii, E. coli

26
Q

Describe Streptococcus agalactiae

A

Group B strep, found in 10-30% of female reproductive tracts, most common cause of infant meningitis, TREATMENT: IV antibiotics during birth

27
Q

Describe E. coli strain that causes meningitis in infants

A

K1-strain usually affecting premature babies, 20% mortality

28
Q

Describe Cronobacter sakazakii causing meningitis

A

Gram (-) bacilli, most commonly in environment, outbreaks usually associated with contaminated infant formula, mortality as high as 40%

29
Q

Describe meningoencephalitis

A

Encephalitis that involved meninges which are closely connected

30
Q

What usually causes meningoencephalitis?

A

Two amoebas: Naeglaria fowleri and acanthamoeba, can also be caused by accidental parasites

31
Q

How are individuals usually infected with N. fowleri?

A

found in warm bodies of water that usually are forced into the nasal cavity and infect the olfactory nerve

32
Q

How are individuals usually infected with Acanthamoeba?

A

infects through a break in the skin

33
Q

What almost always causes acute encephalitis?

A

Almost always a viral infection

34
Q

What are the most common viral causes of acute encephatlits?

A

Arboviruses and herpesviruses

35
Q

What are the most common symptoms of acute encephalitis?

A

Behavior changes, confusion, decreased consciousness and seizures

36
Q

What is the empiric treatment for acute encephalitis? What are you trying to treat?

A

Acyclovir to treat HSV-1 and HSV-2

37
Q

What are the main arboviruses that cause acute encephalitis in north america?

A

St. Louis encephalitis, Eastern equine, western equine, la crosse, west nile

38
Q

What strains of herpesvirus cause acute encephalitis?

A

1 and 2, but less commonly vericella

39
Q

What viruses cause acute encephalitis?

A

HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, JC virus (immunocompromised individuals)

40
Q

What are major causes of post-infectious encephalitis?

A

Measles, other childhood rash-associated diseases. Usually infect about 2 weeks after clearing initial system

41
Q

What is the most common cause of subacute encephalitis?

A

TOXOPLASMA gondii. Other causes: measles virus (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis), prions.

42
Q

What is the average incubation of rabies?

A

1-2 months, depends on the wound site and inoculation dose

43
Q

What are symptoms of rabies infection?

A

fever, headache, vomiting, fatigue and other nonspecific symptoms

44
Q

What are acute symptoms of rabies?

A

agitation, disorientation, seizures and twitching. Followed by hydrophobia and progressively worse neurological symptoms

45
Q

What kind of virus is the causative agent of rabies?

A

ssRNA (-) virus, class V

46
Q

What are the major reservoirs of rabies virus?

A

wild animals, raccoons, skunks, coyotes, foxes and bats

47
Q

What is the mode of transmission of rabies?

A

Virus present in saliva enters body through wound from a bite

48
Q

How do you diagnose rabies?

A

Observation of tissue sample from rabid animal or postmortem human exam using immunological tests

49
Q

What is the tell-tale sign of rabies under microscope?

A

Negri bodies in cytoplasm of nerve cells

50
Q

What is the treatment of those infected with rabies?

A

Passively immunized with rabies immune globulin (injected both IM and at site of bite. Patient is then given immunization with inactivated rabies virus prep

51
Q

Describe infection by polio virus

A

Poliomyelitis; acute enteroviral infection of spinal cord that causes neuromuscular paralysis.

52
Q

Describe tetanus infection and how it causes its effects

A

Clostridium tetani (gram + endospore-forming rod) releases a toxin that causes swelling in vegetative cell

53
Q

What is the treatment of tetanus?

A

immunoglobulin against toxin and Penicillin G to kill bacteria

54
Q

Describe the treatment of tetanus and how it works

A

Immunoglobulin will kill all toxins, will not dislodge any toxins, but as long as you treat the bacteria during acute symptoms you can survive

55
Q

What causes death during tetanus?

A

paralysis of respiratory muscles

56
Q

What is the difference between tetanus and botulinum poisoning?

A

Tetanus causes muscle rigidity, botulinum causes flaccid paralysis

57
Q

What is the treatment to botulism?

A

Immunoglobulin against toxin, toxin vaccines

58
Q

How does the botulinum toxin assert its effects?

A

Decreasing release of acetylcholine

59
Q

Is E. coli gram+ or gram-?

A

Gram- bacillus

60
Q

Is streptococcus agalactiae gram+ or gram-?

A

Gram+ cocci

61
Q

Is Cronobacter sakazakii gram+ or gram-? how are people most commonly infected with it?

A

Gram- bacillus; most commonly in contaminated baby formula powder

Neuro Med (39 decks)

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