Exam 5: cerebellum by ruff

Question 1

What are the three general areas of the cerebellum?

Answer 1

Spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum

Question 2

Is cerebellar function to ipsilateral or contralateral sides of the body?

Answer 2

Ipsilateral

Question 3

What are the two divisions of the spinocerebellum?

Answer 3

Vermis and paravermis

Question 4

What is the vermis of the spinocerebellum responsible for?

Answer 4

Midline movements: posture, stance, gait, visceral function

Question 5

What is the paravermis of the spinocerebellum responsible for?

Answer 5

Appendicular movements: reaching, grasping

Question 6

What is the somatotopic organization of the spinocerebellum?

Answer 6

Vermis in middle parts of the body, paravermis is for the appendages

Question 7

What is the anterior portion of the cerebrocerebellum responsible for?

Answer 7

spatially and temporally complex movements requiring coordination between muscles (dancing, writing, playing musical instruments)

Question 8

What is the posterior portion of the cerebrocerebellum responsible for?

Answer 8

Cognition and timing of language and social interactions (language and executive function)

Question 9

What are the general functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 9

Correcting and preventing motor mistakes, ensuring accurate and smooth movements, learning new motor skills

Question 10

What are the three deep cerebellar nuclei?

Answer 10

Fastigial, Interposed (globus and emboliform), dentate

Question 11

What areas of the cortex of the cerebellum project to what deep cerebellar nuclei?

Answer 11

Vermis –> fastigial, Paravermis –> Interposed, Lateral hemispheres –> dentate

Question 12

What are the cell types of the cerebellar cortex?

Answer 12

Purkinje cells, Granule cells (most numerous), inhibitory interneurons (golgi, stellate, basket)

Question 13

What is the basic circuit of the cerebellar cortex?

Answer 13

parallel fiber contacts purkinje cells that also contacts climbing fibers and deep cerebellar nuclear cells, Mossy fibers connect to parallel fibers and also connect to deep cerebellar nuclear cells. Deep cerebellar fibers to go thalamus

Question 14

What fibers provide input to the cerebellum?

Answer 14

Mossy fibers and climbing fibers

Question 15

What do mossy fibers connect to?

Answer 15

Deep cerebellar nuclei, granule cells (parallel fibers)

Question 16

What do climbing fibers connect to?

Answer 16

deep cerebellar nuclei, purkinje cells

Question 17

What are sources of mossy fibers?

Answer 17

Spinocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum

Question 18

Where do climbing fibers originate?

Answer 18

contralateral inferior olive

Question 19

Where do the inferior olives receive input that is then sent to the climbing fibers?

Answer 19

parvocellular red nucleus, reticular formation, spinal cord

Question 20

What are climbing fibers critical for?

Answer 20

Detecting “errors” in motions and comparing input and output

Question 21

When purkinje cells are firing, what do they do?

Answer 21

inhibit the firing of deep cerebellar nuclei, which in general inhibits movements

Question 22

What are sources of efference copy that run through spinaocerebellar tracts? Where do they receive their initial stimulus and what is the tract they run in?

Answer 22

Ventral spinocerebellar tract (legs and trunk), rostral spinocerebllar tract (arms)

Question 23

What are sources of reafference copy that run through spinaocerebellar tracts? Where do they receive their initial stimulus and what is the tract they run in?

Answer 23

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (legs and trunk), cuneocerebellar tract (arms)

Question 24

Where does most input to the cerebellum enter through?

Answer 24

Inferior cerebellar peduncle and middle cerebellar peduncle, very little input from superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 25

Is input from inferior cerebellar peduncle ipsi or contralateral?

Answer 25

ipsilateral (dorsal and rostral spinocerebellar tract, cuneocerebellar, vestibular tract), Contralateral from olivocerebellar tract)

Question 26

Is input from the middle cerebellar peduncle ipsi or contralateral?

Answer 26

contralateral

Question 27

Where does most cerebellar output travel through?

Answer 27

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 28

What can cause gait ataxia?

Answer 28

Spinocerebellar ataxia, chronic alcohol abuse

Question 29

What can deficits of the spinocerebellum result in?

Answer 29

gait ataxia, dysmetria, action tremor, timing disorders, decomposition of movements, inability to adapt to new circumstances

Question 30

What does deficits in the vestibulocerebellum result in?

Answer 30

Problems with equilibrium and balance (FALL TOWARD SIDE OF LESION), vertigo, vision problems (nystagmus, no smooth eye pursuit, diplopia)

Question 31

What do deficits in cerebrocerebellum result in?

Answer 31

deficits in fine motor control, inpairment of high skill motions, cognitive deficits (language issues, behavior and affect)

Question 32

How do outputs of vestibulocerebellum travel?

Answer 32

flocculus and nodulus to vestibular nuclei to vestibular tract

Question 33

How do cerebrocerebellar outputs travel?

Answer 33

lateral cerebellar hemispheres to dentate nuclei to (contralateral VL thalamus and cortical motor areas) OR (parvocellular red nucleus to inferior olives to climbing fibers)

Question 34

What are the outputs of cerebrocerebellum responsible for?

Answer 34

coordinating movements under visual or mental guidance, learning complex skilled movements and turning them into “motor memories”