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Neuro Med > Exam 6: Neuroendocrine/pituitary > Flashcards

Exam 6: Neuroendocrine/pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main sensory information that gets sent to the hypothalamus?

A

Blood pressure and temperature

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2
Q

What are the trhee parts of the anterior pituitary?

A

Pars tuberalis, pars distalis, pars intermedia

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the posterior pituitary?

A

infundibular stalk, posterior lobe

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4
Q

What do neurons of the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

vasopressin and oxytocin

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5
Q

What cells of the posterior pituitary make vasopressin and oxytocin? where are they located?

A

magnocellular neurons; supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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6
Q

where do magnocellular nuclei secrete their peptides (oxytocin and vasopressin)?

A

Directly into systemic circulation

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7
Q

What are the functions of vasopressin?

A

Increase water resorption in kidney, anti-diuretic, vasoconstriction. All raise blood pressure

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8
Q

What are the stimuli that increase the release of vasopressin?

A

increased blood osmolality, hypovolemia, hypotension

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9
Q

What are the functions of oxytocin?

A

smooth muscle contraction in breast to release milk, smooth muscle contraction in uterus to deliver baby

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10
Q

What are the stimuli that increase release of oxytocin?

A

suckling, uterine stimulation

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11
Q

What are the three families of hormones that the anterior pituitary secretes?

A

Somatomammotropins, glycoproteins, opiomelanocortin peptides

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12
Q

What are the hormones under “somatomammotropins” secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

Growth hormone, prolactin

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13
Q

What are the hormones under “glycoproteins” secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone

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14
Q

What are the stimuli and effects of growth hormone?

A

exercise, stress, sleep; tissue growth and increased cellular metabolism

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15
Q

What are the stimuli and effects of prolactin?

A

suckling, stress; development of mammary tissue, lactation

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16
Q

What are the stimuli and effects of TSH?

A

exposure to cold temps; increase thyroid hormone to increase cell metabolism which raises body temp

17
Q

What are the effects of FSH?

A

men: increased spermatogenesis, women: increased development of ovarian follicles

18
Q

What are the effects of LH?

A

Men: works w/ FSH to increase spermatogenesis, stimulates testosterone, women: initiates ovulation, stimulates progesterone

19
Q

What are the hormones of opiomelanocortin peptides secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone, Beta-endorphine

20
Q

What are the stimuli and effects of ACTH?

A

stress; secretion of cortisol from adrenaline

21
Q

What are the stimuli and effects of Beta-endorphine?

A

stress; analgesia

22
Q

What are the precursors of opiomelanocortin peptides (ACTH and Beta-endorphine

A

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

23
Q

Which is a shorter peptide: ACTH or Beta-endorphine?

A

ACTH

24
Q

What test could be used clinically to assess anterior pituitary function?

A

Inducing stress by injecting a small amount of insulin to induce hypoglycemia, leads to increased ACTH, Cortisol, Beta-endorphine, growth hormone

25
Q

What controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Hypothalamic releasing hormones

26
Q

Describe the release of hypothalamic releasing hormones

A

synthesized in parvocellular neurons, transported via axons to median eminence, released from nerve terminals into hypophyseal portal vein where it travels to the secondary capillary bed in ant. pit. lobe and stimulates specific cells for specific hormones

27
Q

What are the excitatory hypothalamic releasing hormones and their targets?

A

thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TSH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (FSH, LH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (ACTH, Beta endorphine), growth hormone-releasing hormone (Growth hormone)

28
Q

What are the inhibitory hypothalamic releasing hormones and their targets?

A

somatostatin (GH), dopamine (Prolactin)

29
Q

What hormonal changes occur after pituitary stalk section?

A

Increased prolactin, decrease of all other pituitary hormones

30
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Increase in water excretion leading to electrolyte imbalances

31
Q

What is the etiology of DI?

A

head trauma severing the stalk of the pituitary leading to decreased vasopressin, autoimmune destruction of magnocellular neurons, idiopathic

32
Q

What are the symptoms of DI?

A

polyurea, polydipsia

33
Q

What is the treatment of DI?

A

desamino-vasopressin, increased retention of H2O in the kidney

34
Q

What is galactorrhea-amenorrhea?

A

inappropriate lactation; hyperprolactinemia with cessation of menstraution

35
Q

What is the etiology of galactorrhea-amenorrhea?

A

microadenoma in pituitary that released prolactin, leading to decreased FSH and LH

36
Q

what is the treatment of galactorrhea-amenorrhea?

A

surgery, drugs DA receptor agonists to block prolactin

Neuro Med (39 decks)

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