Exam 6: Cognitive processes and association cortex

Question 1

What is the default network involved in?

Answer 1

Daydreaming/mindwandering, autobiographical memories, envisioning future, moral decisions

Question 2

What are the primary areas of the cortex?

Answer 2

Primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary visual cortex

Question 3

What are the two “non-primary” cortices?

Answer 3

Unimodal (integrates info from one sense), multimodal (integrates multiple senses)

Question 4

What is the flow of information in the association cortex?

Answer 4

Primary sensory cortex –> unimodal –> multimodal –> premotor cortex –> motor cortex

Question 5

What are inputs/outputs to the lateral geniculate?

Answer 5

Input: retinal, Output: primary visual cortex

Question 6

What are inputs/outputs to the medial geniculate?

Answer 6

Input: cochlea, output: primary auditory cortex

Question 7

What are inputs/outputs to the ventral posterior lateral thalamus?

Answer 7

Input: skin via medial lemniscus, output: primary somatosensory cortex

Question 8

What are inputs/outputs to the pulvinar?

Answer 8

input: association cortex and superior colliculus. output: association cortex

Question 9

What are inputs/outputs to the medial dorsal association cortex?

Answer 9

Input: superior colliculus, olfactory, amygdala, ventral pallidum, Outputs: frontal eye fields, anterior cingulate gyrus

Question 10

Where are inputs/outputs to the lateral posterior association cortex?

Answer 10

Inputs: association cortex, anterior cingulate, retina, Outputs: parietal and visual association cortex, anterior cingulate

Question 11

What are inputs/outputs to the anterior association cortex?

Answer 11

Inputs: hypothalamus, hippocampus, cingulate. Outputs: posterior cingulate

Question 12

Where does layer 5 of the association cortex project to?

Answer 12

Projects to thalamus and other subcortical structures (basal ganglia, midbrain, brainstem, spinal cord)

Question 13

Where do modulatory signals from the thalamus project to on the association cortex?

Answer 13

Layer 1

Question 14

Of the association cortex, what is the parietal cortex responsible for?

Answer 14

Visual attention, localization, spatial relationships, motor programs

Question 15

Of the association cortex, what is the limbic cortex responsible for?

Answer 15

emotion and memory

Question 16

Of the association cortex, what is the temporal cortex responsible for?

Answer 16

recognition and object ID, language

Question 17

Of the association cortex, what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

Answer 17

planning and decision making, working memory

Question 18

What is the non-dominant hemisphere of the parietal association cortex responsible for?

Answer 18

Attention

Question 19

How do you test the parietal association cortex in patients?

Answer 19

Stroop test

Question 20

What is the dominant hemisphere of the parietal association cortex responsible for?

Answer 20

skill movements

Question 21

What does damage to the posterior parietal cortex result in?

Answer 21

Spatial neglect (non-dominant hemisphere) and motor apraxias (dominant hemisphere)

Question 22

where is the fusiform face area (recognition of faces) located?

Answer 22

Inferior temporal cortex

Question 23

What is the superior temporal sulcus of the temporal association cortex associated with?

Answer 23

Language, social attention

Question 24

what does damage to the temporal association cortex result in?

Answer 24

Agnosias (inability to recognize objects)

Question 25

What does damage to the prefrontal association cortex lead to?

Answer 25

Issues with impaired restraint, socially inappropriate behavior, disordered thought

Question 26

How do you test for damage in the prefrontal association cortex?

Answer 26

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Question 27

What are responsible for changes in the cortex?

Answer 27

Synaptic density, myelination, gray matter thins from back to front

Question 28

In what direction does gray matter thin in the cortex?

Answer 28

Posterior to anterior

Question 29

What layer of the cortex receives information from the thalamus? What time of cells?

Answer 29

Layer 4; stellate cells

Question 30

Where does layer 6 of the association cortex project to?

Answer 30

Thalamus

Question 31

What layers of the association cortex receive modulatory input from the brainstem?

Answer 31

All layers