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Microbiology > Exam 5 - Virology 1 > Flashcards

Exam 5 - Virology 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5

What type of parasite is a virus?

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2
Q

5

Viruses require ____ metabolic processes and ______ machinery.

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3
Q

5

Viruses are the smallest known _____ organism. They are _____ nm.

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4
Q

5

Viruses are an _______ encased in a protein shell.

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5
Q

5

What size are parvoviruses?

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6
Q

5

What size are poxviruses?

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7
Q

6

Who found that the Tobacco Mosaic disease could be transmitted with diseased plants ground up in water?

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8
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6

Who found that agent was capable of passing through filters that blocked bacteria (Chamberland filters)?

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9
Q

6

Who repeated Ivanovsky’s experiments but showed that agent could be diluted and regain its potency after growth in a new host?

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10
Q

7

What is the term for a single virus particle?

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11
Q

7

What is the term for a nucleic acid-protein assembly packaged within the virion that is a discrete substructure of the particle?

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12
Q

7

What is the term for a proteins hell surrounding the nucleic acid genome?

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13
Q

7

Capsids protect against variations in ___, ___, and ________ of the environment.

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14
Q

7

What is the term for the nucleic acid and surrounding protein shell?

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15
Q

7

What is the term for the viral protein layer associated with the virion membrane?

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16
Q

7

What is the term for the membrane surrounding the virus core?

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17
Q

8

What are the four types of viral RNA genomes?

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18
Q

8

What is a positive sense single-stranded RNA viral genome?

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19
Q

8

What is a negative sense single-stranded RNA viral genome?

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20
Q

8

What is Ambisense RNA?

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21
Q

8

What is segmented vs. non-segmented RNA?

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22
Q

8

What are reverse transcribing viruses?

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23
Q

9

What is an example of a segmented, negative sense ssRNA viral genome?

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24
Q

9

What is an example of a segmented dsRNA virus?

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25
Q

9

What is an example of a linear ssDNA virus?

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26
Q

What is an icosahedral viral structure?

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27
Q

10

Is a helical viral structure common? What about ovoid?

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28
Q

12

What is vital for transmission of a virus and its mechanism of infection?

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29
Q

12

What is the term for a host-cell derived lipid bilayer carrying viral glycoproteins that forms the outer layer of a virus particle?

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30
Q

12

What is a disadvantage of a viral envelope?

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31
Q

12

Do enveloped or non-enveloped viruses tend to be more stable?

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32
Q

12

How do most viruses acquire a membrane?

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33
Q

12

Viral envelope proteins are _____ targeted to the appropriate membrane.

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34
Q

14

What is the term for the cells, tissues, and species that a virus can productively infect?

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35
Q

14

The host range is an absolute measurement. What does this mean?

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36
Q

14

What two things determine host cell range?

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37
Q

14

What is the term for the capacity of a cell, tissue, or species to support virus replication?

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38
Q

14

What kind of measurement is viral susceptibility?

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39
Q

15

What are the 7 major steps for general virus replication?

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40
Q

16

Where do a majority of viral infections initiate?

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41
Q

16

What are 4 major sites for viral infection?

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42
Q

16

What are two non-epithelial sites where viral infections can occur?

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43
Q

18

What are three cellular targets / receptors for virion binding to host cells?

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44
Q

18

For virus binding, receptors may limit _____ AND _____.

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45
Q

19

What are two mechanisms of extracellular uptake?

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46
Q

20

During virus fusion and entry, what does receptor binding cause?

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47
Q

20

After fusion with the plasma membrane, what effect does pH change have on the envelope protein during endocytosis?

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48
Q

20

What are two mechanisms of penetration through the plasma membrane during virus entry?

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49
Q

21

Is viral uncoating a well understood process?

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50
Q

21

Viral uncoating is initiated by what two cellular signals?

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51
Q

21

Partial or complete viral uncoating can occur. What can partial uncoating be used in the formation of?

A
52
Q

21

Uncoating may involve release of factors to initiate _____ and/or shut off ________.

A
53
Q

22

Where does replication for RNA viruses typically occur?

A
54
Q

22

What may replication in the cytoplasm for RNA viruses involve?

A
55
Q

22

What are two roles of the specialized replication complexes for RNA viruses?

A
56
Q

22

In replication of RNA viruses, there is replication of progeny genomic RNA molecules using viral _______.

A
57
Q

22

Synthesis of viral proteins relies on ______.

A
58
Q

23

RNA virus membrane replication complexes are a means to hide from the ______.

A
59
Q

23

RNA virus membrane replication complexes are typically associated with the _____ or the ______.

A
60
Q

25

What is the formula for genetic capacity?

A
61
Q

25

RNA is _____. It has a maximum genome size of ______.

A
62
Q

25

RNA viruses that do not enter the nucleus cannot utilize what?

A
63
Q

25

Why is recognition of specific RNA viruses hard?

A
64
Q

25

RNA viruses must usurp the _____ to synthesize viral proteins.

A
65
Q

25

dsDNA is a huge signal for _____.

A
66
Q

25

Packaging of RNA virus must be _____.

A
67
Q

25

RNA structure provides specificity.

-Recruits _____
-Promotes _____
-_____ signals

A
68
Q

26

What are 4 mechanisms that RNA viruses use to increase genetic capacity?

A
69
Q

28

Where does DNA replication typically occur?

A
70
Q

28

DNA virus replication may or may not use host machinery depending whether the virus carries a _____. _______ proteins are usually present.

A
71
Q

28

Synthesis of viral proteins may be regulated ______ for DNA viruses. This relies on ______.

A
72
Q

29

During what stage of mitosis is DNA synthesis the most efficient? Why is this?

A
73
Q

29

What is an example of a DNA virus that is limited to infecting mitotically active cells?

A
74
Q

29

What is an example of a DNA virus that drives cellular proliferation?

A
75
Q

29

Some DNA viruses inhibit ______.

A
76
Q

29

What are two viruses that inhibit cellular DNA synthesis?

A
77
Q

30

In assembly, the genome is typically incorporated as the ____ is assembled.

A
78
Q

30

RNA viruses are assembled in the _____ while DNA viruses are assembled in the ______.

A
79
Q

30

Where does assembly of enveloped viruses typically occur?

A
80
Q

31

What are the 3 general steps of budding/release in replication?

A
81
Q

31

What two things are happening in the lytic step of budding/release during replication?

A
82
Q

32

HIV and many other viruses usurp the _______ vesicular budding pathway.

A
83
Q

33

When does HIV maturation occur? Is the signal known or unknown?

A
84
Q

33

What are three viruses that are limited to human only?

A
85
Q

33

What are arboviruses transmitted by?

A
86
Q

33

Humans are typically ______ of arboviruses.

A
87
Q

36

Viral infectiom begins at the _____ and primary infection. Some viruses replicate locally and others enter the circulation and infect other tissues. This is known as ______.

A
88
Q

36

It is likely that the majority of virus infections cause _____.

A
89
Q

36

Resolution of Infection: The combined action of ____, ____, and _____ frequently results in lifelong immunity.

A
90
Q

37

What are three things that the route of transmission of viruses depends on?

A
91
Q

38

What is an example of a non-enveloped virus?

A
92
Q

38

Enveloped viruses must remain ____.

A
93
Q

38

Most enveloped viruses are labile to ____ and ______.

A
94
Q

39

What are three environmental factors that affect transmission?

A
95
Q

41

What is the percentage for the asymptomatic carrier population for the flu?

A
96
Q

42

The adaptive immune response may _____ or ______ clinical disease.

A
97
Q

42

Viremia, which is the spread to secondary target tissue, may produce _______. There will be initial acute signs, apparent recovery, and then secondary disease.

A
98
Q

43

What are two examples of acute infections that may resolve due to immunity or natural course in a few days to weeks?

A
99
Q

43

What are the two types of persistent infections?

A
100
Q

43

Are latent infections detectable in tissue samples?

A
101
Q

43

Are chronic viral infections detectable in tissue samples?

A
102
Q

44

What are 4 examples of viruses that can result in oncolytic transformation of cells?

A
103
Q

44

How does viral infection affect cell growth and survival and tolerance for DNA mutation?

A
104
Q

44

What are two reasons why viral infection promotes cell growth and increases the tolerance for DNA mutations?

A
105
Q

45

What are two things serological tests are used for?

A
106
Q

45

What are two examples of serological tests?

A
107
Q

45

What do PCR or RT-PCR tests detect?

A
108
Q

45

What do PCR tests use to detect viral genomes?

A
109
Q

46

What are the best targets of treatment for viral diseases?

A
110
Q

46

What are three examples of unique viral enzymes that are targets of viral treatment?

A
111
Q

46

What are 3 immune modulating drugs used in the treatment of viral diseases?

A
112
Q

46

Besides immuen modulating drugs, what are two other forms of treatment for viral diseases?

A
113
Q

47

Vaccines typically do not completely block infection, but they prevent disease by:

  • ______
  • ______
  • _______
A
114
Q

48

What are three types of vaccines?

A
115
Q

48

Are prophylactic vaccines active or passive?

A
116
Q

48

Are post exposure vaccines active or passive?

A
117
Q

48

Are therapeutic vaccines active or passive?

A
118
Q

48

What do therapeutic vaccines do?

A
119
Q

49

Whole killed particles (inactive), empty virus-like particles (no nucleic acid), and su-virion, subunit, or individual antigens/proteins have _____ only.

A
120
Q

49

Live-attenuated vaccines product __________ immunity to multiple targets.

A
121
Q

49

mRNA vaccines are delivered via _____.

A
122
Q

49

mRNA vacciens produce _______ immunity.

A
123
Q

49

Do mRNA vaccines have a single or multiple targets?

A
124
Q

49

What do viral vectors use to express antigenic proteins of pathogenic virus?

A
125
Q

49

Viral vectors produce _________ immunity.

A

Microbiology (15 decks)

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