Exam 4 - 27. Human Microbiota

Question 1

4

How many genes does the human microbiome have vs. the human genome?

Question 2

7

What are four microparasites?

Question 3

7

________ replicate within the host and multiple to produce a very large number of progeny, causing an overwhelming infection.

Question 4

7

What are two examples of macroparasites?

Question 5

8

Koch’s postulates:

1. The microbe must be present in _______.
2. The microbe must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in _____.
3. The disease must be reproduced when a _____ is introduced into a ______.
4. The microbe must be recoverable from ______.

Question 6

9

Human beings live in harmony with a large number of microorganisms, especially bacteria in the _____.

Question 7

10

What are four body areas that should be sterile.

Question 8

10

What are the 6 body fluids that should be sterile?

Question 9

11

Typical adults contains ____ self cells and about ____ times that many microorganisms.

Question 10

11

What are tow places where the normal microbiota are generally found?

Question 11

14

What three things determine the makeup of the normal microbiota?

Question 12

14

When is the normal microbiota established?

Question 13

14

How many exceptions are there for the normal microbiota remaining stable?

Question 14

15

Is the normal microbiota essential for life?

Question 15

15

Many normal flora organisms are commensal. What does commensal mean?

Question 16

16

What is this term?

“presence, growth, and multiplication of bacteria at a specific body site with no noticeable symptoms”

Question 17

16

What is this term?

“presence and movement of bacteria into a body area (e.g., tissue) with growth and multiplication + noticeable symptoms (e.g., fever, pus, inflammation).”

Question 18

17

Normal flora microorganisms degrade food to _______.

Question 19

17

Normal flora produce some vitamins that we use, such as _______.

Question 20

17

What is the role of normal flora for the GI tract? What do germ free animals suffer from?

Question 21

18

What is the effect of not having normal microbiome on the bowels of germ free animals?

Question 22

19

Germ free animals have _____ lymph nodes, ____ lymphocytes and phagocytes, and ____ antibody levels.

Question 23

20

What are three ways that normal flora prevent colonization by pathogens?

Question 24

22

Can every medication affect the patient’s microbiota?

Question 25

24

How much bacteria does the normally impermeable skin contain?

Question 26

25

What three conditions of the skin may prevent colonization?

Question 27

25

What are three common organisms of the skin?

Question 28

25

Is the skin a primary carriage site for any major pathogens?

Question 29

26

What is found in the anterior nares that blocks organisms?

Question 30

26

The respiratory tract is the primary carriage site of what organism?

Question 31

27

What three organisms is the nasopharynx a transient carriage site for?

Question 32

29

What is one site where the normal flora changes dramatically during lifetime?

Question 33

29

What is the only site where normal flora routinely causes disease in immunocompetent hosts?

Question 34

29

What bacteria causes tooth decay?

Question 35

30

Streptococci in the mouth are established _____ after birth.

Question 36

30

When are anaerobes established in the mouth?

Question 37

32

The mouth acts like a continuous culture system, as there is a constant _________.

Question 38

34

_______ bacteria produce signaling compounds, which in sufficient concentrations bind to receptors that activate transcription of specific response genes.

Question 39

39

The number of microbiota of the GI tract varies greatly. For example, the stomach has _____ organisms/mL content, while the upper intestine have _____ per mL.

Question 40

39

What bacteria is found in the stomach that causes ulcers?

Question 41

39

Where is bile salt and digestive enzyme concentration high?

Question 42

40

What area of the GI tract has the largest microbiota population in all of the body? What is the amount of bacteria here?

Question 43

40

As you descend down the GI tract, what happens to pH?

Question 44

40

As you descend down the GI tract, what happens to digestive enzymes?

Question 45

40

Does the GI tract become more aerobic or anaerobic as you descend down it?

Question 46

40

Is the colon primarily made up of aerobes or anaerobes?

Question 47

41

What influences the vaginal microbiota?

Question 48

41

When do the two pH changes of the vagina occur?

Question 49

41

When is the microbiota sparse in the vagina?

Question 50

41

What type of bacteria help to keep other organisms out during child-bearing years?

Question 51

41

Is the pH acidic or alkaline before puberty and after menopause?

Question 52

42

What is the pH of the vagina during child-bearing years?

Question 53

42

What is the vaginal epithelium converted to in child bearing years that contributes to the lower pH?

Question 54

45

What is metagenomics?