Exam 4 - 27. Human Microbiota Flashcards
4
How many genes does the human microbiome have vs. the human genome?
7
What are four microparasites?
7
________ replicate within the host and multiple to produce a very large number of progeny, causing an overwhelming infection.
7
What are two examples of macroparasites?
8
Koch’s postulates:
- The microbe must be present in _______.
- The microbe must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in _____.
- The disease must be reproduced when a _____ is introduced into a ______.
- The microbe must be recoverable from ______.
9
Human beings live in harmony with a large number of microorganisms, especially bacteria in the _____.
10
What are four body areas that should be sterile.
10
What are the 6 body fluids that should be sterile?
11
Typical adults contains ____ self cells and about ____ times that many microorganisms.
11
What are tow places where the normal microbiota are generally found?
14
What three things determine the makeup of the normal microbiota?
14
When is the normal microbiota established?
14
How many exceptions are there for the normal microbiota remaining stable?
15
Is the normal microbiota essential for life?
15
Many normal flora organisms are commensal. What does commensal mean?
16
What is this term?
“presence, growth, and multiplication of bacteria at a specific body site with no noticeable symptoms”
16
What is this term?
“presence and movement of bacteria into a body area (e.g., tissue) with growth and multiplication + noticeable symptoms (e.g., fever, pus, inflammation).”
17
Normal flora microorganisms degrade food to _______.
17
Normal flora produce some vitamins that we use, such as _______.
17
What is the role of normal flora for the GI tract? What do germ free animals suffer from?
18
What is the effect of not having normal microbiome on the bowels of germ free animals?
19
Germ free animals have _____ lymph nodes, ____ lymphocytes and phagocytes, and ____ antibody levels.
20
What are three ways that normal flora prevent colonization by pathogens?
22
Can every medication affect the patient’s microbiota?
24
How much bacteria does the normally impermeable skin contain?
25
What three conditions of the skin may prevent colonization?
25
What are three common organisms of the skin?
25
Is the skin a primary carriage site for any major pathogens?
26
What is found in the anterior nares that blocks organisms?
26
The respiratory tract is the primary carriage site of what organism?
27
What three organisms is the nasopharynx a transient carriage site for?
29
What is one site where the normal flora changes dramatically during lifetime?
29
What is the only site where normal flora routinely causes disease in immunocompetent hosts?
29
What bacteria causes tooth decay?
30
Streptococci in the mouth are established _____ after birth.
30
When are anaerobes established in the mouth?
32
The mouth acts like a continuous culture system, as there is a constant _________.
34
_______ bacteria produce signaling compounds, which in sufficient concentrations bind to receptors that activate transcription of specific response genes.
39
The number of microbiota of the GI tract varies greatly. For example, the stomach has _____ organisms/mL content, while the upper intestine have _____ per mL.
39
What bacteria is found in the stomach that causes ulcers?
39
Where is bile salt and digestive enzyme concentration high?
40
What area of the GI tract has the largest microbiota population in all of the body? What is the amount of bacteria here?
40
As you descend down the GI tract, what happens to pH?
40
As you descend down the GI tract, what happens to digestive enzymes?
40
Does the GI tract become more aerobic or anaerobic as you descend down it?
40
Is the colon primarily made up of aerobes or anaerobes?
41
What influences the vaginal microbiota?
41
When do the two pH changes of the vagina occur?
41
When is the microbiota sparse in the vagina?
41
What type of bacteria help to keep other organisms out during child-bearing years?
41
Is the pH acidic or alkaline before puberty and after menopause?
42
What is the pH of the vagina during child-bearing years?
42
What is the vaginal epithelium converted to in child bearing years that contributes to the lower pH?
45
What is metagenomics?
