Exam 4 - 30-32. Antibiotic Usage and Antibiotic Resistance Flashcards
2
What is the definition of antibiotic resistance?
3
What kind of target organisms do antibacterials have? What effect does this have on toxicity?
3
What are the target organisms of antifungals?
3
What are the target organisms of antivirals
3
What happens to cytotoxicity when using antifungals and antivirals?
4
What are the six leading pathogens associated with antibiotic resistance?
5
One Health emphasizes the health linkages among what three things?
8
What was the most prescribed antibiotic in 2021? 2nd most?
11
What percent of antibiotics prescribed for infection prophylaxis before dental visits were unncecessary?
13
What are 6 groups tha tmay need modified medical care when it comes to antibiotics?
14
What are two outcomes of resistance going undetected?
15
What is the annual cost for 6 of the 18 most alarming antibiotic resistance threats?
15
What are the 6 most alarming antibiotic resistance threats?
17
_____ and _______ organismsm are found in the sink drains of dental offices.
17
_______ isolates from dental unit waterlines can be divided in two distinct groups, including one displaying phenotypes similar to isolates from cystic fibrosis patients.
20
The ADA’s evidence-based approach has resulted in decreased recommended prophylactic use of antibiotics in ______, as well as people who have had ______.
20
Compared with previous recommendations, there are currently _______ for whom antibiotic prophylaxis may be indicated prior to certain dental procedures.
22
What does the ADA support the prudent use of antibiotics for?
22
Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental procedures is reserved for patients at high risk of _________.
23
What organism does this describe?
Gram positive, anaerobic, motile rod-shaped bacterium with the ability to form spores
23
Antibiotic use has been associated with the presence of C. dif and GI system disease known as ______.
23
What are three antibiotics that are associated with higher risk of C. dif infection?
24
What are four risks of C. dif disease?
24
What is the primary treatment for dental C. diff infection?
31
Instead of prescribing antibiotics, dentists should prioritize dental treatments such as:
- _____
- _____
- ______
- __________
- ______
33
Can patients with prosthetic joints that have a history of complications who are undergoing gingival manipulation by considered for prophylactic antibiotics?
35
What are 5 diseases that patients who took prophylactic antibiotics in the past but not longer need them include?
36
What are the three primary portals for bacterial endocarditis?
36
______ and _____ organisms are responsible for more than 80% of bacterial endocarditis?
38
Can these patients have prophylaxis antibiotics?
1) Prosthetic cardiac valve or prosthetic material used for cardiac valve repaired
2) Previous infective endocarditis
3) Congenital heart disease (CHD)
4) Unrepaired cyanotic CHD, including palliative shunts and conduits
5) Completely repaired congenital heart defect with prosthetic material or device, whether placed by surgery or by catheter intervention, during the first six months after the procedure
6) Repaired CHD with residual defects at the site or adjacent to the site of a prosthetic patch or prosthetic device (which inhibit endothelialization)
7) Cardiac transplantation with regurgitation due to a structurally abnormal valve
39
What are four things that prophylaxis is needed for?
40
What are three indications for systemically administered antibiotics?
43
When is antibiotic prophylaxis done before a procedure?
43
If a patient forgets to take their priphy
43
Is a follow-up dose of antibiotics recommended after a procedure?
49
What are two characteristics of gram-positive bacteria?
49
What is a key feature of gram-negative bacteria?
51
What does this describe?
Complex theory” where periodontal pathogens are categorized based on their association with the severity of disease
56
What are the two drugs of choice for oral therapy?
57
What doe Procaine do?
58
Pencillin G and V have a wide spectrum, including ________ bacteria, except for producers of ______.
58
What bacteria is Penicillin G and V moderate against?
58
What is penicillin G and V inactive against?
59
What anaerobic mouth flora is penicillin G and V used for?
59
______ may have predictive value for diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
59
50% of Prevotella produce a _______.
59
_______ is active against virtually all mouth and respiratory tract Bacteroides and Prevotella isolates and is recommended by some experts as the drug of choice for anaerobic infections of the oral cavity. BUT NO LONGER RECOMMENDED!!
60
What are two antibiotics that should be considered first if you have to use antibiotics? When would you consider not using these drugs?
61
What do B-lactam antibiotics inhibit?
61
B-lactam antibiotics bind to ________.
61
_______ are cytoplasmic membrane enzymes responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis.
64
What type of antibiotics are these:
methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin
64
What is the spectrum of bacteria that B-lactamase resistant Penicillins can be used for?
64
What are three exceptions for B-lactamas-resistant penicillins?
65
What are the two aminopenicillins?
65
What are aminopenicillins better for?
65
Are ampicillin are amoxicillin taken by mouth or IV?
