Exam 4 Review Flashcards
What causes a cervical fracture?
What are the signs of injury?
How to care for?
- axial load with cervical flexion, rotation as well
- neck point tenderness, restricted motion, cervical muscle spasm, numbness in trunk/limbs, loss of bladder and bowel control
- treat as if unconscious athlete
What causes a cervical dislocation?
What are the signs of injury?
How to care for?
- violent flexion and rotation of the head
- numbness and paralysis, unilateral dislocation causes head tilt toward dislocation, extreme muscle tightness on elongated side
- extreme care because of spinal injury
What causes a Brachial Plexus injury?
What are the signs?
How to care for?
- stretching or compression of brachial plexus (known as “stinger or burner”
- burning sensation extending from shoulder into hand, loss of function of hand and arm for minutes, repeated occurrences causes atrophy
- strenghtening and stretching program, padding to limit neck ROM
What causes Sciatica?
What are the signs?
How to care for?
- inflamed sciatic nerve, compresses from torsion or direct blows
- sharp shooting pain with numbness, sensitive to palpation with straight leg raises increasing pain
- R&R, NSAID’s
What causes a Herniated Disk?
- abnormal stress and degeneration due to forward bending and twisting
What’s the difference between Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis?
What are the signs of injury?
Spondylolysis = degeneration of vertebrae due to congenital weakness (stress fracture)
Spondylolisthesis = slipping of vertebrae (above or below)
- pain with arching and lower back pain, increased pain after activity, need to pop back, localized tenderness
What causes a Rib contusion?
Signs of injury?
Care?
- blow to rib cage causes bruising or fracture
- painful breathing, point tenderness
- RICE and NSAID
What causes a rib fracture?
Signs?
How to care for?
- direct blow or violent muscular contraction
- history is critically important, pain with breathing, palpation, and deformity is likely
- x-ray, support/brace, 3-4 weeks to heal
What are the first two lung injuries?
Pneumothorax - pleural cavity fills with air, negatively pressurizing the cavity, lung collapse
Tension Pneumothorax - pleural sac on one side fills with air displacing lung and heart, compressing the opposite lung
What are the last two Lung injuries?
Hemothorax - blood in pleural cavity causing tearing or puncturing of the lungs
Traumatic Asphyxia - violent blow/compression of the rib cage, causes cessation of breathing and immediate medical attention
What are some causes of Sudden death in athletics?
What are the signs/
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - thickening of cardiac muscle with no increase in chamber size
- Marfan’s syndrome - abnormality in connective tissue results in weakening of aorta and cardiac vessels
- chest pain, heart palpations, syncope, profuse sweating, malaise
What causes and injury to the spleen?
What are the signs of injury?
- direct blow or infectious mononucleosis (causes enlarged spleen)
- signs of shock, rigid abs, vomiting, Kehr’s sign (irritation of the diaphragm causes nerve pain in the clavicle),
What causes a Kidney Contusion?
What are the signs?
How to care for?
- external force, susceptible to injury due to normal distention of blood
- shock, nausea, vomiting, rigid back muscles, and bloody urine
- monitor urine, 24 hour hospitalization, fluid intake, surgery if hemorrhaging continues, weeks of rest
What causes a liver contusion?
What are the signs of injury?
How to care?
- blunt trauma (right side of rib cage), more susceptible to hepatitis
- hemorrhaging and shock, immediate surgery
- referral
How to care for clavicle fracture?
sling and swathe, immobilize with brace for 6-8 weeks
removal of brace followed with isometrics and use of a sling for 3-4 weeks
